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ื ืžืฆืื• 103 ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื‘ืœื™ ืžื•ื ื—ื™ ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ

  • ืžืขืงื” ืจืฉืช: ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ื™ ื•ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืชื™ ืœื—ืœืœื™ื ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื

    ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™, ืฉื‘ื• ื—ืœืœื™ื ืคืชื•ื—ื™ื ื•ืžื™ื ื™ืžืœื™ื–ื ื”ื ืฉื ื”ืžืฉื—ืง, ืžืขืงื” ื”ืจืฉืช ื”ื•ืœืš ื•ืชื•ืคืก ืžืงื•ื ืฉืœ ื›ื‘ื•ื“. ื”ื•ื ื”ืคืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืœืžื ื˜ ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ ืœืžื ื™ืขืช ื ืคื™ืœื•ืช; ื”ื•ื ื”ืฆื”ืจื” ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืžืฉื“ืจืช ืงืœื™ืœื•ืช, ืื•ื•ืจื™ืจื™ื•ืช ื•ืกื˜ื™ื™ืœ. ืื‘ืœ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืžืจืื” ื”ืžืจืฉื™ื, ืžืขืงื” ืจืฉืช ืื™ื›ื•ืชื™ ื”ื•ื ื›ื–ื” ืฉืžืฉืœื‘ ื‘ื—ื•ื›ืžื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืกืชื˜ื™ืงื”, ืขืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช. ื”ืžืืžืจ ื”ื–ื” ื ื›ืชื‘ ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืื™ืฉื™ ืฉืœื ื• ื‘"ื˜ื›ื ื• ื›ืœ ืขื•ื–ื™" ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืกื›ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื“ืขืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื•ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื” ื‘ืขืœ ืžืงืฆื•ืข ืืžื™ืชื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืชืงื™ืŸ ืœื›ื ืžืขืงื” ืจืฉืช. ืœืžื” ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืžืขืงื” ืžืจืฉืช? ื”ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืขืงื” ืจืฉืช ืื™ื ื” ืžืงืจื™ืช. ื”ื•ื ื ื•ืชืŸ ืžืขื ื” ื’ื ืœืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื•ื’ื ืœืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ื•ืช. ืžืจืื” ืื•ื•ืจื™ืจื™ ื•ืคืชื•ื—: ย ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืžืขืงื•ืช ืขืฅ ืื• ื‘ืจื–ืœ ื›ื‘ื“ื™ื, ื”ืจืฉืช ื›ืžืขื˜ ืฉืงื•ืคื”. ื”ื™ื ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœืื•ืจ ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ื•ืช, ืœื ื—ื•ืกืžืช ืืช ืงื• ื”ืจืื™ื™ื” ื•ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉืœ ืžืจื—ื‘ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ืžื•ืืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื–ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืžื“ืจื’ื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื‘ื™ืช, ืฉื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ื–ืจื™ืžื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืงื•ืžื•ืช. ื’ืžื™ืฉื•ืช ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ื™ืช: ย ืžืขืงื” ืจืฉืช ืื™ื ื• ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœ ืœืงื•ื•ื™ื ื™ืฉืจื™ื. ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชืื™ื ืœืงืฉืชื•ืช, ืœืขื™ืงื•ืœื™ื ื•ืœืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช, ืžื” ืฉืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ื•ืžืงื•ืจื™ื™ื. ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฉืœื‘ ืื•ืชื• ืขื ืืœืžื ื˜ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื›ืžื• ืขืฅ, ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช ืื• ืคืœื“ื”, ื•ื›ืš ืœื”ืชืื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื•ืฉืœื ืœื›ืœ ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ โ€“ ืžืžืจืื” ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ ื•ื’ืก ื•ืขื“ ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืžื™ื ื™ืžืœื™ืกื˜ื™ ื•ืืœื’ื ื˜ื™. ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ืžื•ื’ื‘ืจืช (ื—ืฉื•ื‘): ย ืžืขืงื” ื”ืจืฉืช ืžืกืคืง ืจืžืช ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“. ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืžืขืงื•ืช ืขื ืžืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื•ื˜ื•ืช, ื”ืจืฉืช ืฆืคื•ืคื” ืžืกืคื™ืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืžื™ืœื“ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื˜ืคืก ืขืœื™ื” ืื•, ื—ืœื™ืœื”, ืœื”ื™ืชืงืข ืขื ื”ืจืืฉ ืื• ื”ื™ื“ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืจืฉืช. ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื‘ืขืœ ืžืงืฆื•ืข, ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื•ื•ื“ื ืฉื”ืžืขืงื” ืžืชื•ื— ืžืกืคื™ืง ื•ืœื ืžืืคืฉืจ "ื›ื™ืกื™ ืื•ื•ื™ืจ" ืื• ืจืคื™ื•ืŸ, ืฉืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื•ื•ืช ืกื›ื ื”. ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ: ืžื’ืข ืฉืœ ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ืฉืžืžื ื• ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ื”ืจืฉืช ืžืฉืคื™ืข ืœื ืจืง ืขืœ ื”ืžืจืื”, ืืœื ื’ื ืขืœ ืขืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžืขืงื” ื•ืขืœ ื ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื• ืœืื•ืจืš ื–ืžืŸ.ื•ื›ืืŸ ื™ืฉ ืžืกืคืจ ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช: ืžืขืงื” ืจืฉืช ืžืคืœื“ืช ืืœ-ื—ืœื“ (ื ื™ืจื•ืกื˜ื”): ย ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื”ืžื•ืขื“ืคืช ืขืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ืžืงืฆื•ืข ืจื‘ื™ื. ื”ื™ื ืขืžื™ื“ื” ื‘ืคื ื™ ืงื•ืจื•ื–ื™ื” (ื—ืœื•ื“ื”), ืœื ื“ื•ืจืฉืช ืชื—ื–ื•ืงื” ืจื‘ื”, ื•ืžืชืื™ืžื” ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืขื ืœื—ื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืื• ื‘ืกืžื™ื›ื•ืช ืœื™ื. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื”ื™ื ื ืขื™ืžื” ืœืžื’ืข ื•ืื™ื ื” ืžืชื—ืžืžืช ืื• ืžืชืงืจืจืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช. ื›ื‘ืขืœื™ ืžืงืฆื•ืข, ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืžืœื™ืฆื™ื ืœืœืงื•ื—ื•ืชื™ื ื• ืชืžื™ื“ ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืฉื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ื•ื ื ื™ืจื•ืกื˜ื” ย  , ืฉื”ื™ื ืขืžื™ื“ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืคื ื™ ืžืœื—ื™ื ื•ืฉื•ืžืจืช ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืจืง ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™. ื‘ืจื–ืœ ืžื’ื•ืœื•ื•ืŸ:ย  ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื—ื–ืงื” ื•ื—ืกื›ื•ื ื™ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื”ื‘ืจื–ืœ ื”ืžื’ื•ืœื•ื•ืŸ ืขืžื™ื“ ื‘ืคื ื™ ื—ืœื•ื“ื” ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืฆื™ืคื•ื™, ื•ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฆื‘ื•ืข ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืฆื‘ืขื™ื. ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื•ื•ื“ื ืฉื‘ืขืœ ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืข ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืฆื™ืคื•ื™ ืื™ื›ื•ืชื™ ื•ืฉื”ืฆื‘ื™ืขื” ื ืขืฉื™ืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ืช (ืœืจื•ื‘ ื‘ืฆื‘ื™ืขืช ืื‘ืงื” ื‘ืชื ื•ืจ), ืžื” ืฉืžื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืขืžื™ื“ื•ืช ืœืื•ืจืš ืฉื ื™ื. ืืœื•ืžื™ื ื™ื•ื: ืžืขืงื” ืืœื•ืžื™ื ื™ื•ื ื”ื•ื ืงืœ ืžืฉืงืœ ื•ืขืžื™ื“ ื‘ืคื ื™ ื—ืœื•ื“ื”, ืžืชืื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœืคื ื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ืช. ื™ืฉ ืœื• ื’ื™ืžื•ืจ ื ืงื™ ื•ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™, ืืš ื”ื•ื ื ื•ื˜ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืจืš ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืคืœื“ื”. ืœืกื™ื›ื•ื, ื›ืฉื”ืœืงื•ื— ื ื•ื’ืข ื‘ืžืขืงื”, ื”ื•ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ืœืง, ื ืขื™ื, ื•ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื• ื‘ืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ืื• ื—ื“ื•ืช. ื”ื’ื™ืžื•ืจ ื”ืกื•ืคื™ (ืžื˜, ืžื‘ืจื™ืง, ืžื•ื‘ืจืฉ) ืœื ืจืง ืžืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ืืกืชื˜ื™ืงื”, ืืœื ื’ื ืขืœ ื”ื ืจืื•ืช ืฉืœ ื˜ื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืช ื•ืฉืจื™ื˜ื•ืช. ืชื—ื–ื•ืงื” ื ื›ื•ื ื”: ืขืฉื• ื–ืืช ื‘ืขืฆืžื›ื (ื‘ืงืœื•ืช) ืื—ื“ ื”ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืขืงื” ืจืฉืช ื”ื•ื ื”ืชื—ื–ื•ืงื” ื”ืžื™ื ื™ืžืœื™ืช ืฉืœื•. ื ื™ืงื•ื™ ืฉื•ื˜ืฃ: ย ืžืกืคื™ืง ืœื ื’ื‘ ืืช ื”ืžืขืงื” ืขื ืžื˜ืœื™ืช ืœื—ื” ืื• ืขื ืžืขื˜ ืžื™ื ื•ืกื‘ื•ืŸ ืขื“ื™ืŸ. ื”ื™ืžื ืขื• ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื›ื™ืžื™ื™ื ื—ืจื™ืคื™ื ืื• ื›ืจื™ืช ื ื™ืงื•ื™ ืงืฉื™ื—ื” ืฉืขืœื•ืœื” ืœืฉืจื•ื˜ ืืช ื”ืฆื™ืคื•ื™. ื‘ื“ื™ืงื•ืช ืชืงื•ืคืชื™ื•ืช: ย ืื—ืช ืœื›ืžื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื, ื›ื“ืื™ ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขืœ ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ (ื‘ืจื’ื™ื, ืจื™ืชื•ื›ื™ื) ื•ืœื•ื•ื“ื ืฉื”ื›ืœ ื™ืฆื™ื‘ ื•ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•. ืื ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ื—ืœื•ื“ื” ืื• ืฉืจื™ื˜ื” ืขืžื•ืงื”, ืคื ื• ืœื‘ืขืœ ืžืงืฆื•ืข ืœืงื‘ืœืช ื™ื™ืขื•ืฅ. ืžื” ื”ืœืงื•ื— ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ื•ื—ืจ ืžืชืงื™ืŸ ืœืžืขืงื”? ื›ื‘ืขืœ ืžืงืฆื•ืข, ืื ื™ ืชืžื™ื“ ืื•ืžืจ ืœืœืงื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœื™ ืฉืžื” ืฉื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืืžืช ื”ื•ื ื”ืชืงื ื” ื ื›ื•ื ื” . ื–ื” ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜, ื•ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืžื‘ื“ื™ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™ืช.ืžื” ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ? 1. ืชืงืŸ ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช: ย ื•ื“ืื• ืฉื”ืžืชืงื™ืŸ ืคื•ืขืœ ืœืคื™ ืชืงื ื™ ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ื”ื ื“ืจืฉื™ื (ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ - ืชืงืŸ 1142). ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ืžืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืืœืžื ื˜ื™ื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืžืกืคื™ืง, ื•ืฉื”ืžืขืงื” ื™ืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืขื•ืžืกื™ื ื”ื ื“ืจืฉื™ื. ื‘ืงืฉื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืชืขื•ื“ืช ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื•ืื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื. 2. ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื: ย ืืœ ืชื”ืกืกื• ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืขืœ ืกื•ื’ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื•ืขืœ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืฆื™ืคื•ื™. ื›ืžื• ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ืฆื™ื™ื ืชื™, ืฆื‘ื™ืขื” ืื™ื›ื•ืชื™ืช ื‘ืชื ื•ืจ ืขื•ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื ืฉื•ื•ื” ื›ืœ ืฉืงืœ. 3. ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ื”ืชืงื ื”: ย ืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘ ืœืคืจื˜ื™ื ื”ืงื˜ื ื™ื. ื”ืื ื”ืงื™ื“ื•ื— ืœืงื™ืจ ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžื“ื•ื™ืงืช? ื”ืื ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื ืจืื™ื ื—ื–ืงื™ื ื•ืžืื•ื‘ื˜ื—ื™ื? ื›ืฉื‘ืขืœ ืžืงืฆื•ืข ืžืกื™ื™ื ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ืื™ืŸ ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืœื ื ืงื™ื™ื” ื›ืžื• ืกื™ืžื ื™ ืจื™ืชื•ืš ืœื ืžืœื•ื˜ืฉื™ื ืื• ืฉืจื™ื˜ื•ืช ืขืžื•ืงื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืคืจื•ืคื™ืœ. ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ืช ืžืฉืื™ืจื” ื’ื™ืžื•ืจ ืžื•ืฉืœื. 4. ื™ื—ืก ื•ืžื•ื ื™ื˜ื™ืŸ: ย ื‘ื—ืจื• ื‘ื‘ืขืœ ืžืงืฆื•ืข ืฉืืชื ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ื‘ื ื•ื— ืื™ืชื•, ืฉื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื›ื ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ื›ื ื•ืช ื•ืขื•ื ื” ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื‘ืœื ื•ืช. ื‘ืงืฉื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ืงื•ื“ืžื•ืช ืื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืงื˜ืœื•ื’ ืžื•ื“ืคืก, ื–ื” ืชืžื™ื“ ืขื•ื–ืจ. ืžืขืงื” ืจืฉืช ื”ื•ื ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ื™ ื•ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืชื™ ืžืขื•ืœื”, ื•ื”ืฉืงืขื” ื‘ื• ื”ื™ื ื”ืฉืงืขื” ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ืืจื•ืš. ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื ื›ื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื•ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœ ืžืงืฆื•ืข ืชื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืœื›ื ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื•ืฉืœืžืช ืฉืชื—ื–ื™ืง ืžืขืžื“ ืœืื•ืจืš ืฉื ื™ื.

  • ืœืžื” ืžืื—ื– ื™ื“ ื‘ื”ืชืืžื” ืื™ืฉื™ืช ืขื“ื™ืฃ?

    ื‘ื—ื‘ืจืช ื˜ื›ื ื• ื›ืœ ืขื•ื–ื™ ย ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ื–ื” "ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืื—ื“ ืฉืžืชืื™ื ืœื›ื•ืœื". ื›ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžืื—ื–ื™ ื™ื“ โ€“ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ, ื”ื ื•ื—ื•ืช ื•ื”ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืชืืžื™ื ืื™ืฉื™ืช ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืœืฆืจื›ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืฉืœื›ื. ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ืกืชืคืง ื‘ืžื•ืฆืจ ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ ืฉืœื ืชืžื™ื“ ืžืฉืชืœื‘ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™, ื›ืืŸ ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืœื™ื•ื•ื™ ืืžื™ืชื™, ื”ืชืืžื” ืœื—ื™ื™ ื”ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ื ื•ืœืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื”ื—ืœืœ, ื•ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืžื—ื–ื™ืงื™ื ืžืขืžื“ ืœืื•ืจืš ืฉื ื™ื ื’ื ื‘ืืงืœื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™. ื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื–ื” ืœื ืจืง ืžืื—ื– โ€“ ื–ื• ื”ื”ืจื’ืฉื” ืฉื”ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœื›ื ื‘ื˜ื•ื—, ื ื•ื— ื•ืžืขื•ืฆื‘ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื›ื. ืื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื›ื ืœืฉืœื‘ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ื›ื•ืช ืœื—ื™ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืจื’ื•ืขื™ื ื•ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื, ื˜ื›ื ื• ื›ืœ ืขื•ื–ื™ ื”ื™ื ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ืช. ืžื‘ื•ื ืžืื—ื–ื™ ื™ื“ ื”ื ืื‘ื™ื–ืจ ืฉื ืžืฆื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื ื• ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื โ€“ ื‘ื‘ืชื™ื ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื, ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื, ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ื™ื, ื‘ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ืคืชื•ื—ื™ื. ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื”ื ื ืชืคืกื™ื ื›ืคืจื™ื˜ ืฉื•ืœื™ ืื• ื˜ื›ื ื™ ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ืืš ื”ืืžืช ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ื ืžืžืœืื™ื ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื”ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ื. ืžืื—ื– ื”ื™ื“ ื”ื•ื ื–ื” ืฉืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื ื• ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื•ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ืžื“ืจื’ื•ืช, ืžืขื ื™ืง ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ื”ืจื—ืฆื” ื•ืžื•ื ืข ื”ื—ืœืงื” ื‘ืžืขื‘ืจื™ื ืฆืจื™ื. ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื” ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืชื™ืช, ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื’ื ืืœืžื ื˜ ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ื™ ืฉืชื•ืจื ืœืืกืชื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืœืœ. ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื”ืกืชืคืงื• ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžืื—ื–ื™ ื™ื“ ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ื™ื โ€“ ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ื™ื ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืชืงื ื• ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื‘ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ืงื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื•ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื. ืื•ืœื ืขื ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื’ื‘ืจ ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื”ืชืืžื” ืื™ืฉื™ืช, ืฉืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœืžืื—ื– ืœื”ืฉืชืœื‘ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžืœืื” ืขื ืื•ืจื— ื”ื—ื™ื™ื, ืขื ื”ืฆืจื›ื™ื ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื•ืขื ื”ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืช. ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื‘ืชื™ื ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืžืื•ื“ โ€“ ืžื“ื™ืจื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ื‘ืขืจื™ื ื•ืขื“ ื‘ืชื™ื ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื•ืฉื‘ื™ื โ€“ ื”ื”ืชืืžื” ื”ืื™ืฉื™ืช ื”ืคื›ื” ืœื ืจืง ืœืคื™ื ื•ืง ืืœื ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืืžื™ืชื™. ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ ืœื”ืชืืžื” ืื™ืฉื™ืช ืžืื—ื– ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ ืžื™ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื›ืœืœื™ื•ืช ืฉืžื ืกื•ืช ืœื”ืชืื™ื ืœื›ื•ืœื. ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžืงืจื™ื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืงื•ื˜ืจ ืื—ื™ื“, ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืชืงื ื” ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ื•ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจ ืื—ื™ื“. ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื–ื” ืื›ืŸ ื ื•ืชืŸ ืžืขื ื” ื‘ืกื™ืกื™, ืืš ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื ื•ืฆืจืช ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉื”ืžืื—ื– ืื™ื ื• ื ื•ื—, ืื™ื ื• ืžืฉืชืœื‘ ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘, ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืืฃ ืื™ื ื• ืžืกืคืง ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื”ืจืฆื•ื™. ืžืื—ื– ื‘ื”ืชืืžื” ืื™ืฉื™ืช, ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ืžืชื•ื›ื ืŸ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืœืคื™ ื”ืฆืจื›ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉืชืžืฉ. ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืืช ื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื”ืชืงื ื” ื”ืžื“ื•ื™ืง, ืืช ืขื•ื‘ื™ ื”ืžืื—ื–, ืืช ื”ืžืจืงื ืฉืœื• ื•ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ืžืžื ื• ื”ื•ื ืขืฉื•ื™. ื›ืœ ืคืจื˜ ืงื˜ืŸ ืžื•ืชืื ืœื—ื™ื™ ื”ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ื โ€“ ื”ื—ืœ ืžื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืฉืžื—ืคืฉื™ื ืื—ื™ื–ื” ื ืžื•ื›ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื“ืจืš ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื”ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœื ื•ื—ื•ืช ืžื•ื’ื‘ืจืช, ื•ืขื“ ืžื™ ืฉืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืจืื” ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ื™ ืฉื™ืฉืœื™ื ืืช ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืช. ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื•ืจื‘ึพื“ื•ืจื™ื•ืช, ื•ื‘ืชื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืื•ื›ืœืกื™ื ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ื‘ื™ืœื“ื™ื, ื”ื•ืจื™ื ื•ืกื‘ื™ื, ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื”ืชืืžื” ืื™ืฉื™ืช ื”ื•ืคืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ื™ื•ื ื™. ืžืื—ื– ืื—ื“ ืฉืžื•ืชืื ื›ืจืื•ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืชืช ืžืขื ื” ืœื›ื•ืœื. ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ื›ืขืจืš ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืœื”ืชืงื ืช ืžืื—ื– ื™ื“ ื”ื™ื ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช. ืžืื—ื– ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ ืื›ืŸ ืžืกืคืง ืื—ื™ื–ื” ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช, ืืš ืœื ืชืžื™ื“ ื”ื•ื ืžืžื•ืงื ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืื• ืžืชืื™ื ืœื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื. ื”ืชืืžื” ืื™ืฉื™ืช ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื” ืฉื”ืžืื—ื– ื™ืžื•ืงื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื•ื ื‘ืืžืช ื ื“ืจืฉ, ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืžืืคืฉืจ ืื—ื™ื–ื” ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ื•ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉื ื•ื—ื” ืœื”ื—ื–ืงื” ืœืื•ืจืš ื–ืžืŸ. ืœืžืฉืœ, ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืฉื‘ื• ื’ืจื™ื ื”ื•ืจื™ื ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ืœืฆื“ ื™ืœื“ื™ื, ืืคืฉืจ ืœืฉืœื‘ ืฉื ื™ ื’ื‘ื”ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืื—ื–ื™ื โ€“ ืื—ื“ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืžืชืื™ื ืœืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื, ื•ืื—ื“ ื ืžื•ืš ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื. ื‘ื“ืจืš ื–ื• ื›ื•ืœื ื–ื•ื›ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžืœื™ืช. ื”ื”ืชืืžื” ื”ืื™ืฉื™ืช ื’ื ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืจืคื•ืื™ื™ื. ืื“ื ืฉืกื•ื‘ืœ ืžื—ื•ืœืฉื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื™ื, ืžืคืจืงื™ื ื›ื•ืื‘ื™ื ืื• ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ื›ื•ื— ื”ืื—ื™ื–ื”, ื™ืคื™ืง ืชื•ืขืœืช ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžืื—ื– ื‘ืขื•ื‘ื™ ืžืกื•ื™ื ืื• ืขื ื˜ืงืกื˜ื•ืจื” ืžื—ื•ืกืคืกืช ืฉืžื•ื ืขืช ื”ื—ืœืงื”. ืžืื—ื– ืฉืชื•ื›ื ืŸ ืœืคื™ ื”ืฆืจื›ื™ื ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื ืžืคื—ื™ืช ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืœื ืคื™ืœื•ืช ื•ืžืขื ื™ืง ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืžื•ื’ื‘ืจืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืชื ื•ืขื”. ืœืคื™ ืชืงื ื•ืช ื”ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” , ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื”ืœืš ืžื“ืจื’ื•ืช ื”ืžื›ื™ืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืžื“ืจื’ื•ืช ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ื“ืจืฉ ื‘ื™ืช ืื—ื™ื–ื” ืžืฉื ื™ ืฆื“ื™ ื”ืžื“ืจื’ื•ืช, ื•ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ื•ื ื“ืจืฉ ื’ื ืžืขืงื” โ€“ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืื—ื™ื–ื” ืฉื‘ืžืขืงื” ื™ื™ื—ืฉื‘ ื›ืžืงื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ื“ืจื™ืฉื”. ื ื•ื—ื•ืช ื•ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืžื™ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช, ืžืื—ื– ื‘ื”ืชืืžื” ืื™ืฉื™ืช ืชื•ืจื ืœื ื•ื—ื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืื ืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืื™ื ื ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœื›ืš ืฉืขื•ื‘ื™ ื”ืžืื—ื–, ืฆื•ืจืชื• ื•ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ื’ืœื ืžืžื ื• ื”ื•ื ืขืฉื•ื™ ืžืฉืคื™ืขื™ื ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ืื—ื™ื–ื”. ืžืื—ื– ืขื‘ื” ืžื“ื™ ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงืฉื” ืœืื—ื™ื–ื” ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืขื ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื•ืช, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืžืื—ื– ื“ืง ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืœื ื™ืฆื™ื‘. ื‘ื”ืชืืžื” ืื™ืฉื™ืช ืืคืฉืจ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ืžืื—ื– ืขื’ื•ืœ, ืืœื™ืคื˜ื™ ืื• ืžืจื•ื‘ืข, ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืžื” ืฉื ื•ื— ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื›ืฃ ื”ื™ื“. ื ื™ืชืŸ ื’ื ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ื˜ืงืกื˜ื•ืจื” ื—ืœืงื” ืœืžื™ ืฉืžืขื“ื™ืฃ ืžื’ืข ืขื“ื™ืŸ, ืื• ื‘ื˜ืงืกื˜ื•ืจื” ืžื—ื•ืกืคืกืช ืœืžื™ ืฉื–ืงื•ืง ืœืื—ื™ื–ื” ื—ื–ืงื” ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืฉื‘ื” ืžื–ื’ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืžืฉืชื ื” ืžืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืช ืœืฉื ื™ื™ื”, ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ืฉืžืžื ื• ืขืฉื•ื™ ื”ืžืื—ื– ื”ื•ืคืš ืœืงืจื™ื˜ื™. ืžืชื›ืช ืœื ืžืฆื•ืคื” ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœื”ืชื—ืžื ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืฉืžืฉ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ืื• ืœื”ืชืงืจืจ ื‘ื—ื•ืจืฃ, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืžืื—ื– ื‘ืขืฅ ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ืื• ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจ ืกื™ื ืชื˜ื™ ืื™ื›ื•ืชื™ ื™ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื ืขื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืขื•ื ื”. ื”ืชืืžื” ืื™ืฉื™ืช ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืืชื’ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืžืจืืฉ. ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืฉืžืฉืชืœื‘ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืžืื—ื–ื™ ื™ื“ ื‘ื”ืชืืžื” ืื™ืฉื™ืช ื›ื‘ืจ ืžื–ืžืŸ ืื™ื ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืœืคืจื™ื˜ ื˜ื›ื ื™ ื‘ืœื‘ื“. ื›ื™ื•ื ืืคืฉืจ ืœืขืฆื‘ ืื•ืชื ื›ืš ืฉื™ืชืื™ืžื• ืœืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื›ืœืœื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื•ื™ืฉืชืœื‘ื• ื‘ื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ื” ืขื ื”ืจื™ื”ื•ื˜ ื•ื”ืงื™ืจื•ืช. ื‘ื‘ืชื™ื ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื”ืขืจื™ื ื ืคื•ืฅ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ืžืื—ื–ื™ ืžืชื›ืช ื“ืงื™ื ื‘ื’ื™ืžื•ืจ ืฉื—ื•ืจ ืžื˜ ืื• ื ื™ืจื•ืกื˜ื” ืžื‘ืจื™ืงื”, ื”ืžืฉืชืœื‘ื™ื ืขื ืงื•ื•ื™ ื”ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื”ื ืงื™ื™ื. ื‘ื‘ืชื™ื ื›ืคืจื™ื™ื ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื ืคื•ืฆื™ื ืžืื—ื–ื™ ืขืฅ ืžืœื ื‘ื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื˜ื‘ืขื™, ืฉืžื•ืกื™ืคื™ื ื—ืžื™ืžื•ืช ื•ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช. ื‘ืžื’ื“ืœื™ ื™ื•ืงืจื” ื ืคื•ืฆื™ื ืžืื—ื–ื™ ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช ืขื ืžืกื’ืจืช ืืœื•ืžื™ื ื™ื•ื, ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ืคืชื™ื—ื•ืช ื•ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ื ื•ืฃ. ื”ื”ืชืืžื” ื”ืื™ืฉื™ืช ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ, ื”ืฆื‘ืข ื•ื”ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืฉืžืชืื™ืžื™ื ืœื˜ืขื ื”ืื™ืฉื™, ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ืชืคืฉืจ ืขืœ ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ื•ื ื•ื—ื•ืช. ื›ืืฉืจ ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืžืื—ื– ื™ื“ ื‘ื”ืชืืžื” ืื™ืฉื™ืช, ื›ื“ืื™ ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ืฉื”ื”ืชืืžื” ืื™ื ื” ืžืกืชื›ืžืช ืจืง ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” ืื• ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจ โ€“ ื”ื™ื ืงืฉื•ืจื” ื’ื ืœื”ืฉืชืœื‘ื•ืช ืขื ื™ืชืจ ื”ืืœืžื ื˜ื™ื ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืชื™ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื•ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ. ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืžื‘ื—ืจ ื”ืจื—ื‘ ืฉืžื•ืฆื’ ื‘ ืงื˜ืœื•ื’ ืกื•ืจื’ื™ื , ื’ื ืžืื—ื–ื™ ื”ื™ื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ื‘ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ื™ื, ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื•ื’ื™ืžื•ืจื™ื ื”ืžื•ืชืืžื™ื ืœืฆืจื›ื™ื ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื. ื”ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืื—ื–ื™ื ืžื•ืชืืžื™ื ืื™ืฉื™ืช ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื›ืžื• ืกื•ืจื’ื™ื ืœื—ืœื•ื ื•ืช ืื• ืœืžืจืคืกื•ืช, ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืžืขื˜ืคืช ืžืœืื” ืฉืœื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ืชืคืฉืจ ืขืœ ืืกืชื˜ื™ืงื”. ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœืฆื“ ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ืžืจืื” ืžืขื•ืฆื‘ ื•ื ืขื™ื, ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืžืขื ื™ืง ืœื‘ื™ืช ืขืจืš ื›ืคื•ืœ โ€“ ื’ื ื”ื’ื ื” ื•ื’ื ื™ื•ืคื™. ื”ืชืืžื” ืœืืงืœื™ื ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ืžืื•ื“: ื—ื•ื ื›ื‘ื“ ื‘ืงื™ืฅ, ืœื—ื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื‘ืžื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ื—ื•ืฃ, ื™ื•ื‘ืฉ ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื•ืงืจื™ื ืช ืฉืžืฉ ื—ื–ืงื” ืœืื•ืจืš ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื ื”. ืžืื—ื–ื™ ื™ื“ ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ื™ื, ืฉืื™ื ื ืžืชื•ื›ื ื ื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœืชื ืื™ื ืืœื”, ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ืฉื—ืง ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช. ื›ืืฉืจ ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืžืื—ื– ื‘ื”ืชืืžื” ืื™ืฉื™ืช, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืขืžื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ โ€“ ืืœื•ืžื™ื ื™ื•ื ืžืฆื•ืคื”, ื ื™ืจื•ืกื˜ื” ืื™ื›ื•ืชื™ืช ืื• ืขืฅ ืฉืขื‘ืจ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื ื’ื“ ืงืจื ื™ UV ื•ื ื–ืงื™ ืœื—ื•ืช. ืืคืฉืจ ื’ื ืœืฉืœื‘ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืกื™ื ืชื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืžื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ื ื•ื‘ืงื•ืจ. ื‘ื“ืจืš ื–ื•, ื”ืžืื—ื– ืžื—ื–ื™ืง ืฉื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœืื‘ื“ ืžื”ืžืจืื” ืื• ืžื”ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื•. ืขืจืš ืžื•ืกืฃ ืœื ื›ืก ืžืขืงื” ืื• ืžืื—ื– ื™ื“ ืžืขื•ืฆื‘ ื•ืžื•ืชืื ืื™ืฉื™ืช ืื™ื ื• ืจืง ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื ื•ื—ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ืืœื ื’ื ืชื•ืจื ืœืขืจืš ื”ื ื›ืก ื›ื•ืœื•. ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืฉื‘ื” ืฉื•ืง ื”ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ ืชื—ืจื•ืชื™ ืžืื•ื“, ื›ืœ ืคืจื˜ ืงื˜ืŸ ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ื•ืขืœ ื”ืจื•ืฉื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™. ืžืื—ื– ืฉืชื•ื›ื ืŸ ื‘ืงืคื™ื“ื” ืžืขื ื™ืง ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื™ื•ืงืจื” ื•ื”ืฉืงืขื” ื‘ืคืจื˜ื™ื ื”ืงื˜ื ื™ื, ื•ืžื‘ื“ืœ ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืžื“ื™ืจื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ืฉื•ืง. ืงื•ื ื™ื ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ื™ื ื ืžืฉื›ื™ื ืœื—ืœืœื™ื ืฉื ืจืื™ื ืžื•ืฉืงืขื™ื ื•ื ื•ื—ื™ื. ืžืื—ื– ื‘ื”ืชืืžื” ืื™ืฉื™ืช, ืฉืžืฉืชืœื‘ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช, ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืจื ืžื›ืจื™ืข ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ืช ื”ืจื›ื™ืฉื”. ืชื—ื–ื•ืงื” ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ืืจื•ืš ืžืื—ื– ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ ื“ื•ืจืฉ ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืชื—ื–ื•ืงื” ืžืจื•ื‘ื” โ€“ ืฆื‘ื™ืขื” ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉืช, ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื ื’ื“ ื—ืœื•ื“ื” ืื• ื”ื—ืœืคื” ืขืงื‘ ืฉื—ื™ืงื”. ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ืžืื—ื– ื‘ื”ืชืืžื” ืื™ืฉื™ืช ืžืชื•ื›ื ืŸ ืžืจืืฉ ื›ืš ืฉื™ืชืื™ื ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ืช ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื ืฉืžืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืื•ืจืš ื–ืžืŸ. ื‘ื“ื™ืจื” ืžื•ืœ ื”ื™ื, ืœืžืฉืœ, ืžืื—ื– ื‘ืจื–ืœ ืจื’ื™ืœ ื™ื—ืœื™ื“ ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœื™ื—ื•ืช ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ืจ. ืžืื—ื– ื ื™ืจื•ืกื˜ื” ืื• ืืœื•ืžื™ื ื™ื•ื ืžื•ืชืื ืื™ืฉื™ืช, ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ื™ืขืžื•ื“ ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ื‘ืชื ืื™ื ื•ื™ืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ืžืจืื”ื• ืœืื•ืจืš ืฉื ื™ื. ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื—ืกื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ืชื—ื–ื•ืงื” ื•ื‘ื›ืื‘ื™ ืจืืฉ ืžื™ื•ืชืจื™ื, ื•ื”ืฉืงืขื” ืฉื ืฉืžืจืช ืœืื•ืจืš ื–ืžืŸ. ื ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืœื›ื•ืœื ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืืžื” ืื™ืฉื™ืช ื”ื•ื ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืฉืžืชืื™ื ืœื›ืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื”. ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ืขื–ืจ ื‘ืžืื—ื– ื ืžื•ืš ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขืช ื˜ื™ืคื•ืก ื‘ืžื“ืจื’ื•ืช, ื‘ื ื™ ื ื•ืขืจ ื•ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ื ืขื–ืจื™ื ื‘ืžืื—ื– ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™, ื•ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ื ื”ื ื™ื ืžืชื•ืกืคืช ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช. ื‘ื‘ืชื™ื ืจื‘ึพื“ื•ืจื™ื™ื, ืฉื”ื ืชื•ืคืขื” ื ืคื•ืฆื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื”ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืžืงื‘ืœ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืจื‘ื”. ืžืื—ื– ืื—ื“, ืžืชื•ื›ื ืŸ ื”ื™ื˜ื‘, ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœืฉืจืช ื‘ื•ึพื–ืžื ื™ืช ืกื‘ื™ื, ื”ื•ืจื™ื ื•ื ื›ื“ื™ื. ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืžืื—ื– ื™ื“ ืžื•ืชืื ืื™ืฉื™ืช ืžืขื ื™ืง ื’ื ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื•ืจื•ื’ืข ื ืคืฉื™. ื”ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ืฉื”ืžืื—ื– ืชื•ื›ื ืŸ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืขื‘ื•ืจืš ืžื’ื‘ื™ืจื” ืืช ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื•ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช. ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™, ื–ื”ื• ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ืขืฆื•ื โ€“ ื”ื ื—ืฉื™ื ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื ืœื ื•ืข ื‘ื‘ื™ืชื, ืฉื•ืžืจื™ื ืขืœ ืขืฆืžืื•ืชื ื•ืžืคื—ื™ืชื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ืฉืฉ ืžื ืคื™ืœื•ืช. ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื• ืžืงืจื™ื ื” ื’ื ืขืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื”. ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืจื™ื”ื ืžืชื’ื•ืจืจื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืขื ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ืžื•ืชืืžื™ื ืื™ืฉื™ืช, ื”ื ืจื’ื•ืขื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืœื”ื ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืžื•ื›ืจืช. ืžื‘ื˜ ืœืขืชื™ื“ ื›ืžื• ื‘ื›ืœ ืชื—ื•ื, ื’ื ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืื—ื–ื™ื ืžืชืคืชื— ืขื ื”ื–ืžืŸ. ื›ื™ื•ื ื›ื‘ืจ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืžืื—ื–ื™ ื™ื“ ืขื ืชืื•ืจื” ืžื•ื‘ื ื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืคืขืœืช ื‘ืœื™ืœื”, ื—ื™ื™ืฉื ื™ื ืžืชืงื“ืžื™ื ืฉืžืชืจื™ืขื™ื ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ื ืคื™ืœื”, ื•ื“ื’ืžื™ื ื‘ื”ื“ืคืกื” ืชืœืชึพืžืžื“ื™ืช ืฉืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ื™ื ืžื•ืชืืžื™ื ืื™ืฉื™ืช ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ. ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื”ื™ื“ื•ืขื” ื‘ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืชื” ื•ื‘ืื™ืžื•ืฅ ืžื”ื™ืจ ืฉืœ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช, ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืฉื ืจืื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื›ืืœื” ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช. ื”ืžืื—ื–ื™ื ื™ื”ืคื›ื• ืœื ืจืง ืœื›ืœื™ ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืชื™ ืืœื ื’ื ืœืžื•ืฆืจ ื—ื›ื ืฉืžืขื ื™ืง ืขืจืš ืžื•ืกืฃ ืืžื™ืชื™ ืœื—ื™ื™ ื”ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ื. ืกื™ื›ื•ื ืžืื—ื– ื™ื“ ื‘ื”ืชืืžื” ืื™ืฉื™ืช ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ืžืื—ื– ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ โ€“ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืชืื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืœืฆืจื›ื™ื ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื, ื”ื•ื ื ื•ื— ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืžื™, ื”ื•ื ืžืฉืชืœื‘ ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื•ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ ืœืขืจืš ื”ื ื›ืก, ื•ื”ื•ื ืžื—ื–ื™ืง ืœืื•ืจืš ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ืชื ืื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™. ื”ื”ืฉืงืขื” ื‘ืžืื—ื– ืžื•ืชืื ืื™ืฉื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ืฉืงืขื” ื‘ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื, ื‘ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื”. ื”ื™ื ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืœื ื•ืข ื‘ื‘ื™ืชื• ื‘ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ื•ืช, ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื•ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ื ื•ื—. ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืฉื‘ื• ืื ื—ื ื• ืฉืžื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ื“ื’ืฉ ืขืœ ื”ืชืืžื” ืื™ืฉื™ืช ื•ืขืœ ื—ื•ื•ื™ื™ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ื ื•ื—ื”, ืžืื—ื– ื™ื“ ื‘ื”ืชืืžื” ืื™ืฉื™ืช ืื™ื ื• ืžื•ืชืจื•ืช ืืœื ืฆื•ืจืš ืืžื™ืชื™. ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฆืขื“ ืงื˜ืŸ ืฉืžืฉื ื” ืืช ื—ื™ื™ ื”ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ื ืœื˜ื•ื‘ื”, ืžื—ื–ืง ืืช ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื•ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ ื™ื•ืคื™ ื•ืขืจืš ืœื›ืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ.

  • ืžื” ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืงืŸ ืžืขืงื” ืคื ื™ื ืœืชืงืŸ ืžืขืงื” ืœื—ื•ืฅ?

    ื›ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืขืงื•ืช ืคื ื™ื ืœื—ื•ืฅ, ื”ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื˜ื›ื ื• ื›ืœ ืขื•ื–ื™ ย ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืชืช ืžืขื ื” ืžื“ื•ื™ืง ืœื›ืœ ืฆื•ืจืš โ€“ ื’ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื•ื’ื ืžื—ื•ืฆื” ืœื•. ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืžืงืคื™ื“ื” ืขืœ ืขืžื™ื“ื” ืžืœืื” ื‘ืชืงื ื™ื ื”ืžื—ืžื™ืจื™ื, ื‘ื•ื—ืจืช ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืžื—ื–ื™ืงื™ื ืžืขืžื“ ืžื•ืœ ื”ืฉืžืฉ, ื”ื’ืฉื ื•ื”ืžืœื™ื—ื•ืช, ื•ืžืขืฆื‘ืช ืžืขืงื•ืช ืฉืžืฉืชืœื‘ื™ื ื‘ื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ื” ืขื ื›ืœ ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื™. ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื• ื›ืœ ืขื•ื–ื™ ืœื ืžืกืชืคืงื™ื ื‘"ืœืกื’ื•ืจ ืคื™ื ื”", ืืœื ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืœื›ืœ ืžืขืงื” ื›ืืœ ื—ืœืง ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืคืจื“ ืžื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื โ€“ ื›ื–ื” ืฉืžืขื ื™ืง ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืžื™ ื•ืžืฉื“ืจื’ ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ื™ืช. ื–ื” ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ืื ืฉื™ ืžืงืฆื•ืข ืฉืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช, ื•ืœืชืช ืœืขืฆืžื›ื ืฉืงื˜ ื ืคืฉื™ ืœืฉื ื™ื ืงื“ื™ืžื”. ืžื‘ื•ื ื”ืžืขืงื” ื”ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื”ืืœืžื ื˜ื™ื ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื‘ื ื”, ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืžืœื ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื›ืคื•ืœ โ€“ ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืชื™ ื•ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ื™. ืžืฆื“ ืื—ื“, ื”ื•ื ืžื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ืžืคื ื™ ื ืคื™ืœื” ื•ืžืขื ื™ืง ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช, ื•ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™ ื”ื•ื ื—ืœืง ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืคืจื“ ืžื”ืฉืคื” ื”ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืื• ื”ืžื‘ื ื”. ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืฉื‘ื” ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื ื›ื•ืœืœืช ื’ื ื‘ืชื™ื ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื ืขื ื’ื™ื ื•ืช, ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ืขื ืžืจืคืกื•ืช ื•ืžื‘ื ื™ื ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื™ื ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืžืขืงื•ืช ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื. ืื—ื“ ื”ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื ืฉืขื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ื”ื•ื ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชืงื ื™ื ืฉื ื“ืจืฉื™ื ืœืžืขืงื•ืช ืคื ื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืืœื” ืฉื ื“ืจืฉื™ื ืœืžืขืงื•ืช ื—ื•ืฅ. ื”ื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืขืžื™ื“ื” ื‘ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืง, ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ื”ื“ื™ื™ืจื™ื ื•ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขืงื” ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ. ืžืขืงื” ืคื ื™ื โ€“ ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ื›ืœืœื™ื™ื ืžืขืงื” ืคื ื™ื ื ืžืฆื ืœืจื•ื‘ ื‘ืžื“ืจื’ื•ืช ืคื ื™ืžื™ื•ืช, ื‘ื’ืœืจื™ื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืžืขื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื‘ื™ืช. ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืฉืœื• ื”ื•ื ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืฉื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืžื™ ื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื˜ื•ื—, ืืš ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืžื•ื’ื ืช โ€“ ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืœืœื ื—ืฉื™ืคื” ื™ืฉื™ืจื” ืœืฉืžืฉ, ืœื’ืฉื ืื• ืœืจื•ื—ื•ืช โ€“ ื”ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ืžืžื ื• ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืžืขื˜. ื”ืชืงื ื™ื ืœืžืขืงื•ืช ืคื ื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืชืžืงื“ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื”, ื‘ืžืจื—ืงื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืืœืžื ื˜ื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื‘ื ื™ืช. ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ื”ื™ื ืœืžื ื•ืข ื ืคื™ืœื•ืช, ืœืกืคืง ืชืžื™ื›ื” ืœืžื™ ืฉืขื•ืœื” ืื• ื™ื•ืจื“ ื‘ืžื“ืจื’ื•ืช, ื•ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื’ื ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ื•ื’ื ืœืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื. ืžืขืงื” ื—ื•ืฅ โ€“ ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ื›ืœืœื™ื™ื ืžืขืงื” ื—ื•ืฅ ืžืžื•ืงื ื‘ืžืจืคืกื•ืช, ื‘ื’ื’ื•ืช, ื‘ืžื“ืจื’ื•ืช ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื—ืฆืจื•ืช. ื›ืืŸ ื”ืžืขืงื” ื—ืฉื•ืฃ ืœืชื ืื™ ืžื–ื’ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ โ€“ ืฉืžืฉ ื—ื–ืงื”, ืœื—ื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”, ื’ืฉืžื™ื ื—ื–ืงื™ื ื•ืืฃ ืจื•ื—ื•ืช ืขื–ื•ืช. ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืชืงื ื™ื ืœืžืขืงื•ืช ื—ื•ืฅ ืžื—ืžื™ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื“ื•ืจืฉื™ื ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืขืžื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื•ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืชืงื ื” ืฉืžื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ืฉื”ืžืขืงื” ื™ื™ืฉืืจ ื™ืฆื™ื‘ ืœืื•ืจืš ืฉื ื™ื ื’ื ื‘ืชื ืื™ื ืžืืชื’ืจื™ื. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืžืขืงื” ื—ื•ืฅ ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืืช ื”ืงื• ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืžืคืจื™ื“ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื ืคื™ืœื” ืžื’ื•ื‘ื” ืจื‘, ื”ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ืœื’ื•ื‘ื” ื•ืœื—ื•ื–ืง ืฉืœื• ืงืคื“ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“. ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืžืขืงื•ืช ืคื ื™ื ื‘ืžืขืงื•ืช ืคื ื™ื, ื”ืชืงืŸ ืžื’ื“ื™ืจ ื’ื•ื‘ื” ืžื™ื ื™ืžืœื™ ืฉื ื•ืขื“ ืœืžื ื•ืข ื ืคื™ืœื”. ืœืจื•ื‘ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ 90 ืœึพ100 ืกื ื˜ื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื, ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ืžื™ืงื•ื ื”ืžืขืงื” ื•ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ืžื“ื•ื™ืง ืฉืœื•. ื‘ืžื“ืจื’ื•ืช, ืœืžืฉืœ, ื™ืฉ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื”ืžืขืงื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” ื ื•ื— ืœืื—ื™ื–ื”, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกืคืง ืชืžื™ื›ื” ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ืชื ื•ืขื”. ื‘ืžืคืœืกื™ื ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื ืื• ื‘ื’ืœืจื™ื•ืช, ื”ื’ื•ื‘ื” ื ื•ืขื“ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื ืคื™ืœื” ื›ืืฉืจ ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ืกืžื•ืš ืœืงืฆื”. ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ื›ืืŸ ื”ื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืžื™ ื ื•ื— ื•ื‘ื˜ื•ื—, ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ื›ื‘ื™ื“ ืขืœ ื”ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉืœ ื—ืœืœ ืคืชื•ื— ื•ืื•ื•ืจื™ืจื™ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื‘ื™ืช. ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืžืขืงื•ืช ื—ื•ืฅ ื‘ืžืขืงื•ืช ื—ื•ืฅ, ื”ืชืงืŸย ืžื—ืžื™ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ . ื”ื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืžื™ื ื™ืžืœื™ ืœืจื•ื‘ ืขื•ืžื“ ืขืœ ื›ึพ105 ืกื ื˜ื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื ื•ืืฃ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื. ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื›ืš ื”ื™ื ื”ื—ืฉื™ืคื” ืœืกื›ื ืช ื ืคื™ืœื” ืžื’ื•ื‘ื” ืจื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ โ€“ ืžืžืจืคืกืช ื‘ืงื•ืžื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืื• ืžื’ื’. ื›ืืŸ ื”ืชืงืŸ ืœื•ืงื— ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืœื ืจืง ืืช ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ืืœื ื’ื ืขืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื˜ืคืก ืขืœ ื”ืžืขืงื”. ื”ื“ืจื™ืฉื” ืœื’ื•ื‘ื” ื ื•ืกืฃ ื ื•ืขื“ื” ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื•ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืฉื›ื‘ืช ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคืช. ื—ื•ื–ืง ื•ืขืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืžืขืงื•ืช ืคื ื™ื, ื”ื“ืจื™ืฉื” ืœืขืžื™ื“ื•ืช ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกืช ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืœื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขืงื” ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืžืฉืงืœ ื•ืœื—ืฆื™ื ืกื‘ื™ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ืฉื ืฉืขื ื™ื ืขืœื™ื•. ื‘ืžืขืงื•ืช ื—ื•ืฅ, ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ื”ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ื›ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื’ื ืขืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืคื ื™ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื โ€“ ืจื•ื—ื•ืช ื—ื–ืงื•ืช, ืœื—ื•ืช, ืงืจื™ื ืช ืฉืžืฉ ื•ื’ืฉืžื™ื. ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืชืงื ื™ื ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืขืžื™ื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืžื• ื ื™ืจื•ืกื˜ื”, ืืœื•ืžื™ื ื™ื•ื ืื™ื›ื•ืชื™ ืื• ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช ืžื—ื•ืกืžืช. ื”ืžืขืงื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ืขืžื™ื“ื•ืช ืœืื•ืจืš ืฉื ื™ื ื’ื ื‘ืชื ืื™ื ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื, ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœืื‘ื“ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื–ืง ืื• ืœื”ืชืคื•ืจืจ. ืžืจื—ืงื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืœืžื ื˜ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžืขืงื•ืช ืคื ื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื‘ืžืขืงื•ืช ื—ื•ืฅ, ื”ืชืงืŸ ืžื’ื“ื™ืจ ืžืจื—ืงื™ื ืžืงืกื™ืžืœื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื˜ื•ืช ืื• ื”ืœื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืขืงื”. ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ื”ื™ื ืœืžื ื•ืข ืžืขื‘ืจ ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืฃ ื™ืœื“ ื“ืจื›ื. ื‘ืžืขืงื•ืช ืคื ื™ื, ื”ื“ืจื™ืฉื” ืœืจื•ื‘ ืžืขื˜ ื’ืžื™ืฉื” ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืืš ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื ื•ืขื“ื” ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื. ื‘ืžืขืงื•ืช ื—ื•ืฅ, ื”ืชืงืŸ ืžื—ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ โ€“ ื”ืžืจื—ืงื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฆืจื™ื ืžืกืคื™ืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืื• ื˜ื™ืคื•ืก. ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื•ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื‘ืœื™ื ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘ ื‘ืžืจืคืกื•ืช ื•ื‘ื—ืฆืจื•ืช, ื–ื”ื• ืฉื™ืงื•ืœ ืงืจื™ื˜ื™. ืฉื™ืงื•ืœื™ื ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ื™ื™ื ื’ื ื‘ืžืขืงื•ืช ืคื ื™ื ื•ื’ื ื‘ืžืขืงื•ืช ื—ื•ืฅ, ื”ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื”ื•ื ื—ืœืง ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžื”ืฉื™ืงื•ืœื™ื. ืžืขืงื” ืคื ื™ื ื ื•ืขื“ ืœื”ืฉืชืœื‘ ืขื ื”ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืช โ€“ ืฆื‘ืขื™ ื”ืงื™ืจื•ืช, ื”ืจืฆืคื” ื•ื”ืจื™ื”ื•ื˜. ื‘ืžืขืงื•ืช ื—ื•ืฅ, ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื”ืชืืžื” ืœืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื‘ื ื”, ื™ืฉ ื’ื ื“ืจื™ืฉื” ืฉื”ืžืขืงื” ื™ื—ื–ื™ืง ืžืขืžื“ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืžืจืื” ืœืื•ืจืš ื–ืžืŸ, ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ื—ืฉื™ืคื” ืœืฉืžืฉ ื•ืœื’ืฉื. ืœื›ืŸ, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื‘ืคื ื™ื ืืคืฉืจ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ื’ื™ืžื•ืจื™ื ืขื“ื™ื ื™ื ืื• ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ื ื“ืจืฉื™ื ื’ื™ืžื•ืจื™ื ืขืžื™ื“ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืฆื‘ื™ืขื” ื‘ืชื ื•ืจ ืื• ืฆื™ืคื•ื™ ืžื’ืŸ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“. ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื•ืชื—ื–ื•ืงื” ื‘ืžืขืงื•ืช ืคื ื™ื, ื”ืชื—ื–ื•ืงื” ื ื—ืฉื‘ืช ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ื™ื—ืกื™ืช. ื ื™ืงื•ื™ ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ื•ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืžืกืคื™ืงื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ. ื‘ืžืขืงื•ืช ื—ื•ืฅ, ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืชื—ื–ื•ืงื” ืฉื•ื˜ืคืช โ€“ ื ื™ืงื•ื™ ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ื•ืช, ื‘ื“ื™ืงืช ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื•ื”ืงืคื“ื” ืขืœ ืฆื™ืคื•ื™ื™ื ืžื•ื ืขื™ ื—ืœื•ื“ื”. ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืฉื‘ื” ืชื ืื™ ืžื–ื’ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืžืฉืชื ื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื–ื•ืจ ืœืื–ื•ืจ, ื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ืชื—ื–ื•ืงื” ื ื›ื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ืช. ื”ืชืงื ื™ื ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ื–ืืช ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ืœืžืขืงื•ืช ื—ื•ืฅ ื›ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื’ื ืืช ื ื•ืฉื ื”ืชื—ื–ื•ืงื” ื›ื—ืœืง ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืคืจื“ ืžื”ืขืžื™ื“ื” ื‘ืชืงื ื™ื. ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชืงืŸ ืฉืœ ืžืขืงื” ืคื ื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชืงืŸ ืฉืœ ืžืขืงื” ื—ื•ืฅย  ืื• ืœื”ื‘ื“ื™ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชืงืŸ ืฉืœื”ื ืœืชืงืŸ ืฉืœ ืžืื—ื– ื™ื“ ืœืžื“ืจื’ื•ืช ย ื ื•ื‘ืข ื‘ืจืืฉ ื•ื‘ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืชืงืŸ ื•ืžื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ื”ื›ืจื•ื›ื™ื ื‘ื›ืš. ืžืขืงื” ืคื ื™ื ืžื™ื•ืขื“ ืœื”ืขื ื™ืง ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ื•ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ื—ืœืœ ืžื•ื’ืŸ, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืžืขืงื” ื—ื•ืฅ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ืชื ืื™ ืืงืœื™ื ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื•ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืžืคื ื™ ื ืคื™ืœื•ืช ืžื’ื•ื‘ื” ืจื‘. ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืชืงื ื™ื ืœืžืขืงื•ืช ื—ื•ืฅ ืžื—ืžื™ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื”, ื‘ื—ื•ื–ืง, ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื•ื‘ืžืจื—ืงื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืืœืžื ื˜ื™ื. ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืžืขืงื•ืช ื”ื ื—ืœืง ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืคืจื“ ืžื—ื™ื™ ื”ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ื ื‘ืžืจืคืกื•ืช, ื‘ื’ื’ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืžื“ืจื’ื•ืช, ื”ื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื” ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื ื›ื•ื ื”, ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื” ื•ืืกืชื˜ื™ืช. ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ื’ื ื‘ืคื ื™ื ื•ื’ื ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ, ื”ืžืขืงื” ื”ื•ื ืœื ืจืง ืืžืฆืขื™ ื”ื’ื ื” ืืœื ื—ืœืง ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžื”ื‘ื™ืช ื•ืžื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื•, ื•ื”ืขืžื™ื“ื” ื‘ืชืงื ื™ื ื”ื™ื ื”ืžืคืชื— ืœืฉืงื˜ ื ืคืฉื™ ื•ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืœืื•ืจืš ืฉื ื™ื.

  • ืื™ืš ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื”ื’ื™ืข ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ืžืขืงื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช

    ืžืขืงื” ื”ื•ื ืจื›ื™ื‘ ืžื‘ื ื™ ืฉื ืžืฆื ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ื›ืœ ื‘ื™ืช ืื• ืžื‘ื ื” ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ โ€“ ืœืื•ืจืš ืžื“ืจื’ื•ืช, ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืžืจืคืกื•ืช, ืขืœ ื’ื’ื•ืช, ื‘ื’ืฉืจื™ื ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื, ื•ืœืฆื“ ืžืกื“ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžื•ื’ื‘ื”ื™ื. ื”ื•ื ืžืฉืจืช ืฉืชื™ ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื•ืช: ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ืžืคื ื™ ื ืคื™ืœื”, ื•ื”ื•ืกืคืช ื ื•ืคืš ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ื™ ืœื—ืœืœ. ืืš ื›ืžื• ื›ืœ ืืœืžื ื˜ ืžื‘ื ื™, ื’ื ื”ืžืขืงื” ื ืฉื—ืง ืขื ื”ืฉื ื™ื, ื•ืขืœื•ืœ ืœืื‘ื“ ืžื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืชื•, ืžืจืื”ื• ืื• ื”ืชืืžืชื• ืœืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ื ื”ืžืฉืชื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ื•ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘. ื”ื‘ื ื” ืžืชื™ ื”ื’ื™ืข ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ืืช ื”ืžืขืงื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืžื ื•ืข ืชืื•ื ื•ืช, ืœืฉืžืจ ืืช ื™ื•ืคื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืœืœ, ื•ืœืฉื“ืจื’ ืืช ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช. ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœืฉื—ื™ืงื” ืžื‘ื ื™ืช ืขื ื”ื–ืžืŸ, ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ืžืขืงื” ื”ืื™ื›ื•ืชื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœื•ืœ ืœืกื‘ื•ืœ ืžื‘ืœืื™ ื˜ื‘ืขื™. ื‘ืœืื™ ื›ื–ื” ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ืชื‘ื˜ื ื‘ื”ืชืจื•ืคืคื•ืช ืฉืœ ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ, ื‘ืจืขื™ื“ื•ืช ืงืœื•ืช ื‘ืขืช ื”ื™ืฉืขื ื•ืช, ืื• ื‘ื—ืจื™ืงื•ืช. ืืœื” ืื•ืœื™ ื ืจืื™ื ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื, ืืš ื”ื ืžืขื™ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื—ืœืฉื•ืช ืžื‘ื ื™ืช. ื›ืืฉืจ ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ื‘ืจื’ื™ื ื ืฉื—ืงื™ื, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืขืฅ ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ืชืจื›ืš ืžื‘ืคื ื™ื, ืื• ื›ืืฉืจ ืžืชื›ืช ืžืชืขื•ื•ืชืช ืžืขื˜ โ€“ ื›ืœ ืืœื” ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื—ื•ืœืฉื” ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื—ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช. ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืฉื—ื™ืงื” ืžื‘ื ื™ืช ืœื ืชืžื™ื“ ื ืจืื™ืช ืœืขื™ืŸ, ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื”ื™ื ืžืชื’ืœื” ืจืง ื‘ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื—ื•ืกืจ ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ื›ืœืœื™ืช ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืžื™. ื”ืฉืคืขืช ื—ืœื•ื“ื” ื•ืงื•ืจื•ื–ื™ื” ืขืœ ื—ื•ื–ืง ื”ืžืขืงื” ื‘ืžืขืงื•ืช ืžืžืชื›ืช, ื”ื•ืคืขืช ื—ืœื•ื“ื” ื”ื™ื ืื—ื“ ื”ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื ืœืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ืืžื™ื ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื—ื•ื–ืง. ื—ืœื•ื“ื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื‘ื›ืชืžื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื, ืืš ืขื ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื™ื ื—ื•ื“ืจืช ืขืžื•ืง ืœืชื•ืš ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ, ืžื—ืœื™ืฉื” ืื•ืชื• ื•ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœื• ืœื”ืชืคื•ืจืจ. ื’ื ืื ื”ืžืขืงื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืจืื” ืฉืœื ื›ืœืคื™ ื—ื•ืฅ, ืžื‘ืคื ื™ื ื”ืžืชื›ืช ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ืœื•ืœื” ื•ืฉื‘ื™ืจื”. ืงื•ืจื•ื–ื™ื” ืžืชืงื“ืžืช ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืฉื‘ืจื™ื ืคืชืื•ืžื™ื™ื ื‘ืขืช ื”ืคืขืœืช ืœื—ืฅ, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืกื™ืžืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืœื›ืš ืฉื”ื’ื™ืข ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืœืฉืงื•ืœ ื”ื—ืœืคื” ืžืœืื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขืงื”, ื•ืœื ืจืง ืฆื‘ื™ืขื” ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉืช. ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืืงืœื™ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืฉืคืขืชื ืขืœ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžืขืงื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ืคื™ื ืœืจื•ื‘ ืœืชื ืื™ ืžื–ื’ ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืงืฉื™ื โ€“ ืฉืžืฉ ื™ืฉื™ืจื”, ื’ืฉื, ืœื—ื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”, ืจื•ื—ื•ืช ื—ื–ืงื•ืช ื•ื”ืคืจืฉื™ ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื. ืœืื•ืจืš ื–ืžืŸ, ื—ืฉื™ืคื” ื›ื–ื• ืคื•ื’ืขืช ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ื›ืœ ืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื: ืขืฅ ืžืชื™ื™ื‘ืฉ ื•ื ืกื“ืง, ืžืชื›ืช ืžืชืจื—ื‘ืช ื•ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืฆืช ืขื“ ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืชืขื•ื•ืชืช, ื•ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœืคืชื— ืกื“ืงื™ื ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืคื™ื™ื ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืžืืžืฅ ืชืจืžื™. ืื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืชื‘ืœื•ืช ืฉื ื’ืจืžื™ื ืžื”ืืงืœื™ื, ื›ืžื• ืขื™ื•ื•ืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ืžืขืงื”, ืจืคื™ื•ืŸ ื›ืœืœื™ ืื• ืงื™ืœื•ืคื™ ืฆื‘ืข ื ืจื—ื‘ื™ื, ื–ื”ื• ืจืžื– ืœื›ืš ืฉื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ืื™ื ื• ื™ืฆื™ื‘ ื›ื‘ืขื‘ืจ. ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ืืกืชื˜ื™ืงื” ื•ื‘ื—ื–ื•ืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช ื’ื ืื ื”ืžืขืงื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืชืคืงื“ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืžื‘ื ื™ืช, ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื”ื•ื ื›ื‘ืจ ืื™ื ื• ืžืชืื™ื ืœืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื”ื›ืœืœื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืœืœ. ืขื ื”ืฉื ื™ื, ืกื’ื ื•ื ื•ืช ืžืฉืชื ื™ื ื•ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืžืชื™ื™ืฉื ื™ื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื•ื™ื–ื•ืืœื™ืช. ืžืขืงื” ืฉื”ืชืงืœืฃ, ื“ื”ื” ืื• ืื™ื‘ื“ ืืช ื”ื‘ืจืง ืฉืœื•, ืคื•ื’ืข ื‘ืจื•ืฉื ื”ื›ืœืœื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืื• ื”ืžืจืคืกืช. ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื, ื‘ืขืœื™ ื‘ืชื™ื ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ืืช ื”ืžืขืงื” ืœื ืจืง ืžื˜ืขืžื™ ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ืืœื ื’ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจืขื ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžืจืื” ื•ืœืชืช ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช. ืื ื”ื—ื–ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขืงื” ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ื–ื ื—ื” ืื• ืžื™ื•ืฉื ื•ืช, ื–ื”ื• ืกื™ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื’ื™ืข ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™. ื”ืชืืžื” ืœืชืงื ื™ื ืขื“ื›ื ื™ื™ื ื•ืœืฉื™ืงื•ืœื™ ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ืชืงื ื™ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ื•ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ืžืชืขื“ื›ื ื™ื ืžืขืช ืœืขืช, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืžื‘ื ื™ื ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื™ื ืื• ื‘ืžื‘ื ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ ืงื•ืžื•ืช. ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื”ืžืขืงื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ืชืงื ื™ ืœืคื ื™ ืขืฉืจื™ื ืฉื ื” ืื™ื ื• ืขื•ืžื“ ืขื•ื“ ื‘ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช. ื’ื•ื‘ื” ื ืžื•ืš ืžื“ื™, ืžืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืžื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื˜ื•ืช ืื• ื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ืžืื—ื– ื™ื“ ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื”ื ืจืง ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช. ืื ืžืชืขื•ืจืจ ืกืคืง ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืชืืžืช ื”ืžืขืงื” ืœืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ื ื”ืขื“ื›ื ื™ื™ื, ื–ื• ืกื™ื‘ื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ืœืฉืงื•ืœ ื”ื—ืœืคื”, ื’ื ืื ื”ืžืขืงื” ืขืฆืžื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืชืงื™ืŸ ืคื™ื–ื™ืช. ื”ืชืืžื” ืœืชืงืŸ ืžื’ื ื” ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื•ืžื•ื ืขืช ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ืชืื•ื ื”. ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžื‘ื ื” ื•ื‘ืฆืจื›ื™ ื”ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื, ื”ืฆืจื›ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื—ืœืœ ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช. ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืขื ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื ื“ืจืฉื•ืช ืœืžืขืงื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืชื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื•ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ื–ื“ืงืง ืœืžืขืงื•ืช ืขื ืžืื—ื– ื™ื“ ืจื—ื‘ ื•ื™ืฆื™ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืื ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ืžืฉื ื” ืืช ื™ื™ืขื•ื“ื• โ€“ ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืžื“ื™ืจื” ืคืจื˜ื™ืช ืœื“ื™ืจืช ืื™ืจื•ื— ืื• ืžื—ืœืœ ืžืฉืจื“ื™ ืœื‘ื™ืช ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื โ€“ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื•ื•ื“ื ืฉื”ืžืขืงื•ืช ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ. ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืžืขืงื” ื”ืงื™ื™ื ืื™ื ื• ืขื•ื ื” ืขื•ื“ ืขืœ ืฆื•ืจื›ื™ ื”ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื, ื”ื—ืœืคืชื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืฉืคืจ ืืช ื”ื ื•ื—ื•ืช ื•ืืช ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ. ืกื“ืงื™ื, ืฉื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื”ืชืจื•ืคืคื•ืช ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ื‘ืจื•ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื›ืš ืฉื”ื’ื™ืข ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ืืช ื”ืžืขืงื” ื”ื ื ื–ืงื™ื ืคื™ื–ื™ื™ื ื’ืœื•ื™ื™ื. ืกื“ืงื™ื ื‘ืขืฅ, ืฉื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช, ื”ืชืคื•ืจืจื•ืช ืžืชื›ืช, ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืจื•ืคืคื™ื ืื• ืืœืžื ื˜ื™ื ืฉื ืขื™ื ืžื”ืžืงื•ื โ€“ ื›ืœ ืืœื” ืžืกื›ื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื™ืฉื™ืจ. ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื™ืฉ ื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœืชืงืŸ ื ืงื•ื“ืชื™ืช, ืืš ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืคื’ืžื™ื ืžื•ืคื™ืขื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืจื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืžืขืงื”, ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืขื™ื“ ืขืœ ื‘ืœืื™ ื›ื•ืœืœื ื™, ืฉื”ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืขื™ืœ ืขื‘ื•ืจื• ื”ื•ื ื”ืชืงื ืช ืžืขืงื” ื—ื“ืฉ. ื—ื•ื•ื™ื™ืช ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืœืงื•ื™ื” ื•ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื—ื•ืกืจ ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืžืขืงื” ืืžื•ืจ ืœื”ืฉืจื•ืช ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื’ืข ืขืžื•. ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ืžืขืงื” "ืจื•ืงื“", ืžืชื ื“ื ื“, ืื• ืื™ื ื• ื™ืฆื™ื‘ ืžืกืคื™ืง, ื”ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžืœื”ื™ืฉืขืŸ ืขืœื™ื•. ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื—ื•ืกืจ ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื–ื• ืขืฆืžื” ื”ื™ื ืื™ื ื“ื™ืงืฆื™ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ืœื›ืš ืฉื”ืžืขืงื” ื›ื‘ืจ ืื™ื ื• ืžืžืœื ืืช ื™ื™ืขื•ื“ื•. ื’ื ืื ืœื ื ืจืื™ื ืกื™ืžื ื™ ื ื–ืง ื‘ืจื•ืจื™ื, ื—ื•ื•ื™ื™ืช ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืœืงื•ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืกื™ื‘ื” ืžืกืคืงืช ืœื”ื—ืœืคืช ื”ืžืขืงื”. ืชืจื•ืžืช ื”ื—ืœืคืช ื”ืžืขืงื” ืœื—ื•ื•ื™ื™ืช ื”ืžืจื—ื‘ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช, ื”ื—ืœืคืช ืžืขืงื” ื™ืฉืŸ ื‘ื—ื“ืฉ ืชื•ืจืžืช ืœืฉื“ืจื•ื’ ื›ื•ืœืœ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืœืœ. ืžืขืงื” ื—ื“ืฉ ืžืขื ื™ืง ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ืจืขื ื ื•ืช, ืกื“ืจ ื•ื ื™ืงื™ื•ืŸ, ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื˜ืืฅ' ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ื™ ืขื›ืฉื•ื•ื™ ืฉืžืชื›ืชื‘ ืขื ืฉืืจ ื”ืืœืžื ื˜ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช. ืคืขืžื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช, ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืžืขืงื” ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ืชื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืžืคืชื™ืขื”, ื’ื ื‘ืœื™ ืœืฉืคืฅ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื—ืœืœ. ื”ืฉืงืขื” ื‘ืžืขืงื” ื—ื“ืฉ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืื–ื•ืจ ืฉื ืจืื” ืขื™ื™ืฃ ื•ืžื•ื–ื ื— ืœืคื™ื ื” ืžืขื•ืฆื‘ืช ื•ืžื–ืžื™ื ื”. ืกื™ื›ื•ื: ืžืชื™ ื‘ืืžืช ื”ื’ื™ืข ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื“ืขืช ืื ื”ื’ื™ืข ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ืืช ื”ืžืขืงื”, ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืฉื™ื ืœื‘ ืœืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื: ืžืฆื‘ ืžื‘ื ื™, ืžืจืื” ื—ื–ื•ืชื™ ื•ื”ืชืืžื” ืœืฆืจื›ื™ื ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ื™ื. ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืžืขืงื” ื›ื‘ืจ ืื™ื ื• ื™ืฆื™ื‘, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ืคื’ื•ื ืื• ื—ืœื•ื“, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ืื™ื ื• ืขื•ืžื“ ื‘ืชืงื ื™ื ืขื“ื›ื ื™ื™ื ืื• ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืื™ื ื• ืชื•ืื ืืช ื”ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื•ืืช ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืฉืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื—ืœืœ โ€“ ื–ื”ื• ื”ืจื’ืข ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื”ืชื—ื“ืฉ. ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช ื›ื ื” ื•ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืœืกื™ืžื ื™ื ื”ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืชืืคืฉืจ ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืจื’ืข ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื™ืชืจื—ืฉ ื ื–ืง ืžืžืฉื™. ื›ืš ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื—ืœืœ ื‘ื˜ื•ื—, ื™ืคื” ื•ืžื–ืžื™ืŸ ืœืื•ืจืš ืฉื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช.

  • ืžื” ืขื“ื™ืฃ: ืžืขืงื” ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช ืื• ืžืขืงื” ืžื‘ืจื–ืœ? ืžื“ืจื™ืš ืžืงื™ืฃ

    ื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ืžืขืงื” ื”ื™ื ืื—ืช ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ืคืจื˜ื™ ืื• ื—ืœืœ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™. ื”ืžืขืงื” ืื™ื ื• ืจืง ืคืจื™ื˜ ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ ืฉื ื•ืขื“ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื, ืืœื ื’ื ืืœืžื ื˜ ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ื™ ื‘ืขืœ ื ืจืื•ืช ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื ื˜ื™ืช, ื›ื–ื” ืฉืžื•ืกื™ืฃ ืœืื•ืคื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืื• ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื•ืœื•. ืžืขืงื•ืช ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช ื•ืžืขืงื•ืช ื‘ืจื–ืœ ื ื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืœืฉืชื™ ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืฉื•ืง. ืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื—ืกืจื•ื ื•ืช, ื•ื”ื”ืชืœื‘ื˜ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืžืฉืงืคืช ืœืจื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ืœืฉืœื‘ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช, ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘, ืชื—ื–ื•ืงื” ื•ืขืœื•ืช. ื‘ืžืืžืจ ื–ื” ื ืขืžื™ืง ื•ื ืฉื•ื•ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ืžืขืงื•ืช. ื ื‘ื—ืŸ ืืช ืชืจื•ืžืชื ืœื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช, ืืช ื”ืชืืžืชื ืœืืงืœื™ื ื•ืœืกื’ื ื•ื ื•ืช ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ืืช ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ืชื—ื–ื•ืงื”, ืืช ื—ื•ื•ื™ื™ืช ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืฉื”ื ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื ื•ืืช ื”ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช ื”ื ืœื•ื•ืช. ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ื”ื™ื ืœืกืคืง ืชืžื•ื ื” ืจื—ื‘ื” ื•ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืชืืคืฉืจ ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืžื•ืฉื›ืœืช. ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช โ€“ ืขืจืš ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœ ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืžืขืงื” ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœืจื•ื‘ ืžื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช ืžื—ื•ืกืžืช ืื• ืจื‘ื•ื“ื”. ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืืœื• ื”ื•ืคื›ื•ืช ืื•ืชื• ืœืขืžื™ื“ ื‘ืคื ื™ ืฉื‘ืจื™ื ื—ื–ืงื™ื, ื•ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ื•ื ื’ืจื ื ื–ืง โ€“ ื”ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช ืžืชื ืคืฆืช ืœืจืกื™ืกื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืคื•ืฆืขื™ื. ืชื›ื•ื ื” ื–ื• ืžืขื ื™ืงื” ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ื”ื ืฉื•ื”ื™ื ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืื• ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื. ืžืขืงื” ื‘ืจื–ืœ, ืœืขื•ืžืชื•, ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ื—ื•ืžืจ ืงืฉื™ื— ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“. ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ืžืชื•ื›ื ืŸ ื”ื™ื˜ื‘, ื”ื•ื ืžื—ื–ื™ืง ื‘ืขื•ืžืกื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืœืื•ืจืš ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื. ื”ื‘ืจื–ืœ ืžืฉื“ืจ ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ืžืื•ื“, ื›ื–ื• ืฉื ื•ืชื ืช ืžืขื ื” ื’ื ืœืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืฉืฉื™ื ืžื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช. ืขื ื–ืืช, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื‘ืจื–ืœ ืื™ื ื• ืžืชื•ื—ื–ืง ืื• ืฆื‘ื•ืข ื›ื ื“ืจืฉ, ื”ื•ื ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ื—ืœื™ื“ ื•ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ืืžื™ื ื•ืชื• ืœืื•ืจืš ื–ืžืŸ. ืืกืชื˜ื™ืงื” ื•ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ โ€“ ื”ืฉืงื™ืคื•ืช ืžื•ืœ ื”ืขื•ืฆืžื” ืžืขืงื” ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช ืžืฉืชืœื‘ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ื ื•ืช ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื, ืžื™ื ื™ืžืœื™ืกื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ืคืชื•ื—ื™ื. ื”ืฉืงื™ืคื•ืช ืฉืœื• ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœืื•ืจ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืœื—ื“ื•ืจ ืœื—ืœืœ, ืฉื•ืžืจืช ืขืœ ืจืฆืฃ ื•ื™ื–ื•ืืœื™ ื•ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœื ื•ืฃ ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ื’ืœื•ื™. ืœื›ืŸ, ื‘ืžืจืคืกื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช ืื• ื‘ื‘ืชื™ื ืขื ื ื•ืฃ ืžืจื”ื™ื‘, ืžืขืงื” ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืื™ื“ื™ืืœื™. ืœืขื•ืžืชื•, ืžืขืงื” ื‘ืจื–ืœ ืžืขื ื™ืง ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช: ืžืงื•ื•ื™ื ื™ืฉืจื™ื ื•ื ืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™-ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ ื•ืขื“ ืคื™ืชื•ื—ื™ื ืืžื ื•ืชื™ื™ื ื”ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืชื™ ืืฆื•ืœื” ืขืชื™ืงื™ื. ื”ืฉืคื” ื”ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื–ืœ ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ืช, ื—ืžื” ืื• ืงืœืืกื™ืช ืžืื•ื“ โ€“ ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื•ืœืกื•ื’ ื”ืฆื‘ื™ืขื”. ืขืžื™ื“ื•ืช ืœืื•ืจืš ื–ืžืŸ โ€“ ืงืจื‘ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืžืขืงื” ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช ืื™ื ื• ืžื—ืœื™ื“, ืื™ื ื• ืกื•ื‘ืœ ืžืขื™ื•ื•ืชื™ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื™ื, ื•ืžื—ื–ื™ืง ืœืื•ืจืš ืฉื ื™ื ื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ื”ื”ืชืงื ื” ื‘ื•ืฆืขื” ื›ืจืื•ื™. ื”ืืชื’ืจ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ื”ื•ื ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ืžืจืื” ื ืงื™ โ€“ ื›ืœ ืฉืจื™ื˜ื”, ืœื›ืœื•ืš ืื• ืื‘ื ื™ืช ื ื™ื›ืจื™ื ืœืขื™ืŸ. ืžืขืงื” ื‘ืจื–ืœ ืขืžื™ื“ ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืคื ื™ ืขื•ืžืกื™ื ืคื™ื–ื™ื™ื, ืื•ืœื ื”ื•ื ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื ื–ืงื™ ืžื–ื’ ืื•ื•ื™ืจ. ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืœื—ื” ืื• ื‘ืงืจื‘ืช ื”ื™ื, ื”ื—ืœื•ื“ื” ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœื”ื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืื ืœื ื ืขืฉืชื” ื”ื’ื ื” ืžืชืื™ืžื”. ืฆื‘ื™ืขื” ืชืงื•ืคืชื™ืช ืื• ืฆื™ืคื•ื™ ืื™ื›ื•ืชื™ ืžื•ื ืขื™ื ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืืœื• ื•ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื™ื ืื•ืจืš ื—ื™ื™ื ืžืจืฉื™ื. ืชื—ื–ื•ืงื” ื•ื ื™ืงื™ื•ืŸ โ€“ ืงืœื•ืช ืžื•ืœ ื”ืฉืงืขื” ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ืืจื•ืš ืžืขืงื” ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช ื“ื•ืจืฉ ื ื™ืงื•ื™ ืชื“ื™ืจ ื™ื—ืกื™ืช. ื›ืœ ื˜ื‘ื™ืขืช ืืฆื‘ืข ืื• ืกื™ืžืŸ ื’ืฉื ื ื™ื›ืจื™ื ืžื™ื“. ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื–ืืช, ืคืขื•ืœืช ื”ื ื™ืงื•ื™ ืคืฉื•ื˜ื”: ืžื™ื ื•ื—ื•ืžืจ ื ื™ืงื•ื™ ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ืžืฉื™ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉืงื™ืคื•ืช ื•ื”ื‘ืจืง. ื‘ืžืขืงื” ื‘ืจื–ืœ, ื”ื ื™ืงื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืžื™ ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™. ืœื›ืœื•ืš ืื™ื ื• ื‘ื•ืœื˜ ืœืขื™ืŸ, ืืš ื”ืชื—ื–ื•ืงื” ื”ืชืงื•ืคืชื™ืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ: ื™ืฉ ืœื•ื•ื“ื ืฉื”ืฆื‘ืข ื•ื”ืฆื™ืคื•ื™ ืฉื•ืžืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืžืชื›ืช ืžืคื ื™ ื—ืœื•ื“ื”. ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ื•ืžื•ืคื™ืขื” ืงื•ืจื•ื–ื™ื”, ื™ืฉ ืœืฉื™ื™ืฃ, ืœืžืจื•ื— ื—ื•ืžืจ ืžื’ืŸ ื•ืœืฆื‘ื•ืข ืžื—ื“ืฉ. ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืขืœ ืขืจืš ื”ื ื›ืก ืžืขืงื” ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช ื ืชืคืก ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืจื‘ื™ื ื›ืืœืžื ื˜ ื™ื•ืงืจืชื™. ื”ืฉืงื™ืคื•ืช, ื”ืžื™ื ื™ืžืœื™ื–ื ื•ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื• ืชื•ืจืžื™ื ืœื ืจืื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื›ื•ืœื•. ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื”ื•ื ืืฃ ืžืขืœื” ืืช ืขืจืš ื”ื ื›ืก ื‘ืฉื•ืง, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ืขื ื ื•ืฃ. ืžืขืงื” ื‘ืจื–ืœ, ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉ ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ื•ืžืกื•ืจืช. ื‘ืžื‘ื ื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ืงืœืืกื™ ืื• ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช ืขืฉื™ืจื” ื‘ืคืจื˜ื™ื, ื”ื‘ืจื–ืœ ื”ื•ื ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื”. ื’ื ื”ื•ื ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœืชืจื•ื ืœืขืจืš ื”ื ื›ืก โ€“ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ืื• ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื‘ืจื–ืœ ืื•ืžื ื•ืชื™ืช. ื”ืชืืžื” ืœืžื™ืงื•ื โ€“ ืคื ื™ื ืœืขื•ืžืช ื—ื•ืฅ ื‘ืžืจืคืกื•ืช ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืช , ืžืขืงื” ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื ื•ืฃ ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ื—ืœืง ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืคืจื“ ืžื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื”. ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื–ืืช, ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืขื ื—ืฉื™ืคื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืœืฉืžืฉ ื•ืœืื‘ืง, ื”ื•ื ื™ื“ืจื•ืฉ ืชื—ื–ื•ืงื” ืื™ื ื˜ื ืกื™ื‘ื™ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื‘ืžื“ืจื’ื•ืช ืคื ื™ืžื™ื•ืช, ืžืขืงื” ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ืžืจื—ื‘ ืคืชื•ื—ื” ื•ืงืœื™ืœื”, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืžืขืงื” ื‘ืจื–ืœ ืžื™ื™ืฆืจ ืืžื™ืจื” ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ื™ืช ื—ื–ืงื” ื•ืžืกื•ื’ื ื ืช. ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืžื‘ื ื™ื ืขื ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืื™ื ื˜ื ืกื™ื‘ื™, ื‘ืจื–ืœ ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœืขืžื™ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืคื ื™ ืคื’ื™ืขื•ืช ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืช. ื—ื•ื•ื™ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื•ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ืžืจื—ื‘ ืžืขืงื” ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช ืžืขื ื™ืง ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ืจืฆืฃ ืžืจื—ื‘ื™. ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื—ืฉื™ื ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื ืขืœืžื™ื, ืžื” ืฉืชื•ืจื ืœืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื•ืื•ืจ. ื”ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื”ื–ื• ืžื•ืขืจื›ืช ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืื• ืกื’ื•ืจื™ื. ืžืขืงื” ื‘ืจื–ืœ, ืžื ื’ื“, ืžื’ื“ื™ืจ ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื—ื“ื” ื•ื‘ืจื•ืจื”. ื”ื•ื ืžืฉืจื” ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ, ืžืขื ื™ืง ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืžื•ืฆืงื” ื•ืžื•ื’ื ืช, ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื ืชืคืก ื›ื—ืœืง ืื™ื ื˜ื’ืจืœื™ ืžื”ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช ื”ืงืœืืกื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืช. ืขืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืคื ื™ ืžื–ื’ ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ื‘ื‘ืชื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื”ื—ืฉื•ืคื™ื ืœืฉืžืฉ ื—ื–ืงื” ืจื•ื‘ ื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื”, ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื›ืœ ืžืขืงื” ืžื’ื™ื‘ ืœืชื ืื™ื ืืœื”.ื”ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช ืขืžื™ื“ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืœืงืจื™ื ืชย UV ื•ืื™ื ื” ื“ื•ื”ื”. ืขื ื–ืืช, ื”ื™ื ืจื’ื™ืฉื” ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื—ื“ื™ื ื‘ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ืื ืœื ืขื‘ืจื” ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืžืชืื™ื.ื‘ืจื–ืœ ืžื—ื•ืกืคืก ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ื•ืฆื‘ื•ืข ื‘ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื™ืขื•ื“ื™ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืคื ื™ ื—ื•ื, ื’ืฉื ื•ืจื•ื—ื•ืช ื—ื–ืงื•ืช, ืืš ื“ื•ืจืฉ ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘ ืžืชืžื“ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ื—ืœื•ื“ื”. ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ื•ืœืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืžืขืงื” ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื โ€“ ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืžื—ืกื•ื ืจืฆื™ืฃ ืœืœื ืคืชื—ื™ื ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื˜ืคืก ืขืœื™ื”ื. ืขื ื–ืืช, ื™ืฉ ืœื•ื•ื“ื ืฉื”ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช ืขื‘ื” ื•ืขืžื™ื“ื”.ืžืขืงื” ื‘ืจื–ืœ ืžืฆืจื™ืš ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื–ื”ื™ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ: ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ ืคืกื™ื ืื•ืคืงื™ื™ื ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ื–ืžื™ืŸ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืก ืžืกื•ื›ืŸ. ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ืžืชื•ื›ื ืŸ ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ืขื ืžืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื ืื ื›ื™ื™ื ืฆืจื™ื, ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืคืš ืœื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืœื ืคื—ื•ืช. ืขืœื•ืช ื•ื”ืฉืงืขื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื”ืขืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืขืงื” ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช ืœืจื•ื‘ ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžืขืงื” ื‘ืจื–ืœ, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืฉืœ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ, ืกื•ื’ ื”ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช ื•ื”ืชืงื ืชื” ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช. ืžื ื’ื“, ื‘ืจื–ืœ ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœืื•ืคืฆื™ื” ื ื’ื™ืฉื” ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืื ื›ื™ ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ื™ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ืื• ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื™ื“ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื•ืช ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื™ื™ืงืจ ืื•ืชื• ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช.ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืืจื•ืš, ื™ืฉ ืœืงื—ืช ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืืช ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืชื—ื–ื•ืงื”: ื‘ืจื–ืœ ื“ื•ืจืฉ ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉ ืฆื‘ืข, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช ื“ื•ืจืฉืช ื ื™ืงื•ื™ ืชื›ื•ืฃ ืืš ืคืฉื•ื˜. ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ื™ื ืขื ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืžืขืงื” ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช ืžืฉืชืœื‘ ื ื”ื“ืจ ืขื ืคืจื•ืคื™ืœื™ื ืžืืœื•ืžื™ื ื™ื•ื ืื• ื ื™ืจื•ืกื˜ื”, ื•ืžืงื‘ืœ ืžืจืื” ืขื“ื™ืŸ ื•ื™ื•ืงืจืชื™.ืžืขืงื” ื‘ืจื–ืœ ืžืชืื™ื ืœืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืขื ืขืฅ, ื‘ื˜ื•ืŸ ืื• ืื‘ืŸ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช, ืžื” ืฉืžืขื ื™ืง ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื—ืžื™ืžื•ืช ื•ืขื•ืฆืžื”. ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื ื›ื•ื ื”, ืฉื ื™ ื”ืกื•ื’ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืื•ืคื™ ืœื‘ื™ืช. ืฉื™ืงื•ืœื™ ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื•ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืœืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื•ืœื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื‘ื ื™ ืงื™ื™ืžื ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ื•ื’ื“ืœื”.ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžื™ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืžืœื, ืืš ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืฉืœื” ื“ื•ืจืฉ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืจื‘ื”.ื‘ืจื–ืœ, ืžื ื’ื“, ื’ื ื”ื•ื ื‘ืจึพืžื™ื—ื–ื•ืจ ื‘ืžืœื•ืื•, ื•ืœืจื•ื‘ ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ื• ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื—ื•ื–ืจ ื‘ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื”. ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื ื›ื•ื ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืงื—ืช ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื’ื ืขืจื›ื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ื™ื. ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ โ€“ ื—ื•ื•ื™ื™ืช ื”ืฉื”ื™ื™ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืžืขืงื” ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช ื™ื•ืฆืจ ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืคืชื™ื—ื•ืช, ืงืœื™ืœื•ืช ื•ืฉืงื™ืคื•ืช. ืื ืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื“ื•ื•ื—ื™ื ื›ื™ ืฉื”ื™ื™ื” ื‘ื—ืœืœื™ื ืขื ืžืขืงื” ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช ืžืฉืคืจืช ืืช ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืจื•ื— ื•ืžื—ื–ืงืช ืืช ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืœื˜ื‘ืข ื•ืœื ื•ืฃ.ืžืขืงื” ื‘ืจื–ืœ, ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ืžืฉืจื” ืื•ื•ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช, ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื”. ื”ื•ื ืžืชืื™ื ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืžืขื“ื™ืคื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ืจื•ืจื™ื ื•ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ื’ื ื”. ืกื™ื›ื•ื โ€“ ืื™ื–ื• ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื ื›ื•ื ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจืš? ื”ืฉืืœื” ืžื” ืขื“ื™ืฃ โ€“ ืžืขืงื” ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช ืื• ืžืขืงื” ื‘ืจื–ืœ โ€“ ืื™ื ื” ืžืงื‘ืœืช ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืื—ืช. ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืชืœื•ื™ื” ื‘ื”ืขื“ืคื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช, ื‘ืื•ืจื— ื”ื—ื™ื™ื, ื‘ืžื™ืงื•ื ื”ืžืขืงื” ื•ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืช. ืžื™ ืฉืžื—ืคืฉ ืžืจืื” ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™, ืคืชื•ื— ื•ื™ื•ืงืจืชื™, ื™ืžืฆื ื‘ืžืขืงื” ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช ืืช ื”ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืฉืœื. ืžื™ ืฉืžืขื“ื™ืฃ ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช, ืขืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื•ื—ื•ืคืฉ ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ื™ ืงืœืืกื™, ื™ืขื“ื™ืฃ ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื” ืžืขืงื” ื‘ืจื–ืœ.ื”ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ื•ื ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ืžืขืงื” ืฉืžืื–ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช, ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื•ืชื—ื–ื•ืงื” โ€“ ื›ื–ื” ืฉื™ืœื•ื•ื” ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืœืื•ืจืš ืฉื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช, ื•ื™ืฉื“ืจ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืืช ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจื” ื”ืจืฆื•ื™ื”.

  • ืžื“ืจื™ืš ืœืชื—ื–ื•ืงืช ืžืขืงื” ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช

    ืžืขืงื” ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช ื”ืคืš ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืœืื—ื“ ื”ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืคื ื™ื ื•ื—ื•ืฅ. ื”ื•ื ืžืฉื“ืจ ืืœื’ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช, ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืฉืงื™ืคื•ืช, ื•ืžืขื ื™ืง ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉืœ ืžืจื—ื‘ ืคืชื•ื— ื•ืื•ืจ ื˜ื‘ืขื™. ืืš ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืžืขืงื” ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช ื™ืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ืื™ื›ื•ืชื•, ื™ื•ืคื™ื• ื•ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืชื• ืœืื•ืจืš ืฉื ื™ื, ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื”ืงืคื™ื“ ืขืœ ืชื—ื–ื•ืงื” ืฉื•ื˜ืคืช ื•ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ืช. ืชื—ื–ื•ืงื” ื ื›ื•ื ื” ืื™ื ื” ืจืง ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืืกืชื˜ื™ โ€“ ื”ื™ื ืžืฉืคื™ืขื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื™ืฉื™ืจ ืขืœ ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื•ืขืœ ืื•ืจืš ื—ื™ื™ ื”ืžื•ืฆืจ. ื‘ืžืืžืจ ื–ื” ื ืขืžื™ืง ื‘ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืชื—ื–ื•ืงืช ืžืขืงื” ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช. ื ื‘ื—ืŸ ืืช ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ื ื™ืงื•ื™ ื”ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืืช ื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช ืžืคื ื™ ื ื–ืงื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ื™ื, ืืช ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืขื ืฉืจื™ื˜ื•ืช ืื• ืื‘ื ื™ืช, ื•ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืฉื”ืžืขืงื” ื™ื™ืฉืืจ ืžื‘ืจื™ืง, ื ืงื™ ื•ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืœืื•ืจืš ื–ืžืŸ. ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืชื—ื–ื•ืงื” ื”ืฉื•ื˜ืคืช ืžืขืงื” ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช ื ื•ื˜ื” ืœืฆื‘ื•ืจ ืœื›ืœื•ืš ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ืช. ื˜ื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืืฆื‘ืข, ืื‘ืง, ืžืฉืงืขื™ ื’ืฉื ื•ืื‘ื ื™ืช ื”ื ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืืชื’ืจื™ื ื”ืฉื›ื™ื—ื™ื. ืชื—ื–ื•ืงื” ืฉื•ื˜ืคืช ืฉื•ืžืจืช ืขืœ ื”ืžืจืื” ื”ืืกืชื˜ื™ ื•ืžื•ื ืขืช ืžืฆื‘ ื‘ื• ื”ืœื›ืœื•ืš ืžืฆื˜ื‘ืจ ื•ื”ื•ืคืš ืœืงืฉื” ืœื”ืกืจื”. ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื›ืš, ื ื™ืงื•ื™ ืกื“ื™ืจ ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืžื•ืงื“ื ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืกื“ืงื™ื ืื• ื”ืชืจื•ืคืคื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื, ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืœืžื ื•ืข ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืชื™ื™ื. ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช ืžื˜ื•ืคืœืช ื‘ืงื‘ื™ืขื•ืช, ื”ื™ื ืฉื•ืžืจืช ืขืœ ืฉืงื™ืคื•ืชื” ืœืื•ืจืš ืฉื ื™ื ื•ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืœื”ืขื ื™ืง ืืช ื”ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ื”ืžืจืฉื™ืžื” ืฉืืคื™ื™ื ื” ืื•ืชื” ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ื”ืชืงื ื”. ื ื™ืงื•ื™ ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืžื™ ื•ืฉื’ืจืชื™ ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ืžืขืงื” ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืœื”ืงืคื™ื“ ืขืœ ื ื™ืงื•ื™ ืงื‘ื•ืข. ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžื˜ืœื™ืช ืžื™ืงืจื•ืคื™ื™ื‘ืจ ืจื›ื” ืขื ืžื™ื ื ืงื™ื™ื ืื• ื—ื•ืžืจ ื™ื™ืขื•ื“ื™ ืœื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช ื™ืกืคื™ืงื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืกื™ืจ ืื‘ืง ื•ืœื›ืœื•ืš ืงืœ. ื ื™ืงื•ื™ ื–ื” ืื™ื ื• ื“ื•ืจืฉ ืžืืžืฅ ืจื‘, ืืš ื”ื”ืงืคื“ื” ืขืœื™ื• ืžื•ื ืขืช ื›ืชืžื™ื ืขื™ืงืฉื™ื ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš. ื‘ื‘ืชื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื™ืฉ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืื• ื—ื™ื•ืช ืžื—ืžื“, ืžื•ืžืœืฅ ืœื ืงื•ืช ื‘ืชื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืฉื›ืŸ ื˜ื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ื•ืœื›ืœื•ืš ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืžื™ ื ื™ื›ืจื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช. ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืขื ืื‘ื ื™ืช ื•ื›ืชืžื™ื ืงืฉื™ื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื”ืžืขืงื” ื—ืฉื•ืฃ ืœื’ืฉื ืื• ืœืžื™ื ืงืฉื™ื, ื ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืฉื›ื‘ื•ืช ืื‘ื ื™ืช. ืœื”ืกืจืชืŸ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื™ื™ืขื•ื“ื™ื™ื ืื• ื‘ืชืžื™ืกื•ืช ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื•ืช ืขืœ ื—ื•ืžืฅ ืžื“ื•ืœืœ. ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื”ืงืคื™ื“ ืฉืœื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื•ื—ืงื™ื ืื• ื‘ืกืคื•ื’ื™ื ืžื—ื•ืกืคืกื™ื, ืฉืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉืจื•ื˜ ืืช ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื—. ื”ืกืจื” ืขื“ื™ื ื” ืืš ืขืงื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื‘ื ื™ืช ืฉื•ืžืจืช ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืจืง ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช ื•ืžื•ื ืขืช ืขื›ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืžืงืœืงืœืช ืืช ื”ืžืจืื” ื”ืฉืงื•ืฃ. ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ืžืกื’ืจื•ืช ื•ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช ืขืฆืžื” ืื™ื ื” ืžื—ืœื™ื“ื”, ื”ืžืกื’ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืœืจื•ื‘ ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืžืชื›ืช. ืœื›ืŸ, ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื ืงื•ืช ื’ื ืื•ืชื, ืœื™ื™ื‘ืฉ ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ืœืื—ืจ ืžื’ืข ืขื ืžื™ื, ื•ืœื•ื•ื“ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืกื™ืžื ื™ ื—ืœื•ื“ื” ืื• ืฉื—ื™ืงื”. ืชื—ื–ื•ืงื” ื–ื• ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื” ืฉื”ืžืขืงื” ื›ื•ืœื• ื™ื™ืฉืืจ ื™ืฆื™ื‘ ื•ื‘ื˜ื•ื—. ื”ืงืคื“ื” ืขืœ ื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ืชืงื•ืคืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืจื’ื™ื ื•ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืžื•ื ืขืช ื”ืชืจื•ืคืคื•ืช ืฉืขืœื•ืœื” ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช. ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืฉืจื™ื˜ื•ืช ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช ื”ืžื—ื•ืกืžืช ืขืžื™ื“ื” ืžืื•ื“, ื™ื™ืชื›ื ื• ืฉืจื™ื˜ื•ืช ืงืœื•ืช ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื. ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ืžืฉื—ื•ืช ื™ื™ืขื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ื‘ืจืงืช ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช, ืฉืžืกื™ื™ืขื•ืช ืœื˜ืฉื˜ืฉ ืฉืจื™ื˜ื•ืช ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื•ืช. ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื ื–ืง ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฉืงื•ืœ ื”ื—ืœืคืช ื”ืคืื ืœ ื”ืคื’ื•ืข. ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ืฉื”ื–ื ื—ืช ืฉืจื™ื˜ื•ืช ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื”ื—ืžืจื” ืขื ื”ื–ืžืŸ, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืžื•ืžืœืฅ ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื”ืŸ ื‘ื”ืงื“ื ื”ืืคืฉืจื™. ื”ื’ื ื” ืžืคื ื™ ื ื–ืงื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ื™ื ื‘ื‘ืชื™ื ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืœื™ื ืื• ืœืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืขื ืœื—ื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”, ื”ืžืœื—ื™ื ืฉื‘ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉืงื•ืข ืขืœ ื”ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช ื•ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ืžืจืื” ืฉืœื”. ืฉื˜ื™ืคื” ืชื›ื•ืคื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื›ืืœื” ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ืช. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืฆื™ืคื•ื™ื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื ืฉืžื•ื ืขื™ื ื”ื™ืฆืžื“ื•ืช ืœื›ืœื•ืš ื•ืžื™ื, ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืžืงืœื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืชื—ื–ื•ืงื” ื”ืฉื•ื˜ืคืช. ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื—ืžื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“, ื›ื“ืื™ ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืื—ืช ืœืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉื”ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช ืื™ื ื” ืžืคืชื—ืช ืกื“ืงื™ื ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื”. ืกื™ื›ื•ื ืžืขืงื” ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช ื”ื•ื ืืœืžื ื˜ ืืกืชื˜ื™ ื•ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืชื™ ืžื”ืžืขืœื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ืืš ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืžืจ ืืช ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืชื™ื• ืœืื•ืจืš ื–ืžืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืงื“ื™ืฉ ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘ ืœืชื—ื–ื•ืงืชื•. ื ื™ืงื•ื™ ืฉื’ืจืชื™, ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืื‘ื ื™ืช ื•ืฉืจื™ื˜ื•ืช, ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื”ืžืกื’ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื•ื”ื’ื ื” ืžืคื ื™ ืชื ืื™ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” โ€“ ื›ืœ ืืœื” ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื™ื ืฉื”ืžืขืงื” ื™ื™ืฉืืจ ืžื‘ืจื™ืง, ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ื•ืขืžื™ื“ ืœืฉื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช. ื”ืฉืงืขื” ื‘ืชื—ื–ื•ืงื” ื ื›ื•ื ื” ืื™ื ื” ื“ื•ืจืฉืช ืžืืžืฅ ืจื‘, ืืš ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื ื™ื›ืจื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ืžื—ื“ืฉ โ€“ ื‘ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช ืฉืงื•ืคื”, ื‘ืžืจืื” ื™ื•ืงืจืชื™ ื•ื‘ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืžืœืื”.

  • ืžื” ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžืขืงื•ืช ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžืขืงื•ืช ื—ื•ืฅ ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื”? ืžื“ืจื™ืš ืชืงื ื™ื ืžืงื•ืฆืจ

    ืžืขืงื•ืช ื›ืืœืžื ื˜ ืžื’ืŸ ื•ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ื™ ืžืขืงื•ืช ื—ื•ืฅ ื”ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืœืžื ื˜ ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ ืฉืžื•ื ืข ื ืคื™ืœื”. ื”ื ืžื”ื•ื•ื™ื ื—ืœืง ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืคืจื“ ืžื”ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช, ืžื”ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ื”ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื•ืžื”ืฉืคื” ื”ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ื‘ื ื•ื™ื”. ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื‘ืขืœืช ืืงืœื™ื ื™ืึพืชื™ื›ื•ื ื™ ืขื ืงืจื™ื ืช ืฉืžืฉ ื—ื–ืงื”, ื’ืฉืžื™ื ืขื•ื ืชื™ื™ื ื•ืจื•ื—ื•ืช ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื, ื”ืžืขืงื•ืช ื ื“ืจืฉื™ื ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืชืงื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืžืืœื” ืฉื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื”. ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื”, ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืจื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ืืงืœื™ืžื™ื โ€“ ืžื”ืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ ื•ืขื“ ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ โ€“ ืžื›ืชื™ื‘ ื”ืชืืžื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืžื‘ื ื” ื•ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ื”ืžืขืงื•ืช. ืžื“ืจื™ืš ื–ื” ื™ื ืกื” ืœื”ืชื•ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ื”ื™ื‘ืฉื•ืช, ืชื•ืš ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ ืชืงื™ื ื”, ืืงืœื™ื, ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื, ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื•ืชื—ื–ื•ืงื”. ืชืงื™ื ื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ: ื“ื’ืฉ ืขืœ ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ื‘ืžื‘ื ื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื”ืชืงื ื™ื ืžืชื‘ืกืกื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืขืœ ืชืงื ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ื”ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžืขืงื•ืช ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” ืžืกื•ื™ื, ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ื™ื™ืขื•ื“ ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื•ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ืฆืคื•ื™. ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื‘ืžืจืคืกื•ืช ืฉืœ ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื ื ื“ืจืฉื™ื ืžืขืงื•ืช ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” ืžื™ื ื™ืžืœื™ ืฉืœ ืžื˜ืจ, ืขื ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืงื•ืžื”. ื”ืชืงื ื•ืช ื ื•ืขื“ื• ืœืžื ื•ืข ื ืคื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื•ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ื›ืื—ื“, ื•ื”ืŸ ืžืชืขื“ื›ื ื•ืช ืžื“ื™ ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชืื™ื ืœืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ื ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื. ื ื•ืกืฃ ืขืœ ื›ืš, ื ื“ืจืฉืช ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืœืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ืžื•ืชืงืŸ ื”ืžืขืงื”, ืœืขืžื™ื“ื•ืชื• ื‘ืคื ื™ ืขื•ืžืกื™ื ืื•ืคืงื™ื™ื ื•ืœื—ื•ื–ืงื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื. ืžืื—ืจ ืฉื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืงื™ื™ืžืช ืฉื›ื™ื—ื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืฉืœ ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ึพืงื•ืžื•ืช, ื”ืชืงื™ื ื” ืžื—ืžื™ืจื” ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ื•ื“ื•ืจืฉืช ื‘ืงืจื” ืงืคื“ื ื™ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ื—ืœืงื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื”ื›ืคืจื™ืช. ืชืงื™ื ื” ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื”: ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช ื•ื’ื™ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ืช ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื”, ื”ืชืงื ื™ื ืื™ื ื ืื—ื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืืœื ืžืฉืชื ื™ื ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืžื“ื™ื ื”, ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืืฃ ืœืื–ื•ืจ. ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจื•ืคื”, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื“ืจื™ืฉื” ืœื”ืชืืžื•ืช ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขืงื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ืžืฉืงืขื™ื ื›ื‘ื“ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืฉืœื’ ื•ืงืจื—. ื”ืžืขืงื•ืช ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื™ ืžื‘ื ื” ืฉืžืืคืฉืจ ื ื™ืงื•ื– ืžื™ื ื™ืขื™ืœ, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ื”ื—ืœืงื” ืื• ื”ืฆื˜ื‘ืจื•ืช ืงืจื—. ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื“ืจื•ื ืื™ืจื•ืคื”, ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ื”ื“ื’ืฉ ื”ื•ื ืขืœ ื”ื’ื ื” ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืžืฉ ื—ื–ืงื” ื•ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ื•ืช ืœืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื™ืึพืชื™ื›ื•ื ื™. ืขื ื–ืืช, ื”ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ ืฉื•ืืฃ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืงื•ื•ื™ื ืžื ื—ื™ื ืžืฉื•ืชืคื™ื, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื—ื•ื–ืง ื”ืžื‘ื ื™, ืืš ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืฉืžืจืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”, ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื”, ืกืคืจื“ ื•ืกืงื ื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ื”. ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ: ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืขื ืฉืžืฉ ื•ืžืœื™ื—ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ื ืคื•ืฆื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืžืขืงื•ืช ื—ื•ืฅ ื”ื ืืœื•ืžื™ื ื™ื•ื, ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช ื•ืคืœื“ื” ืžื’ื•ืœื•ื•ื ืช. ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื›ืš ื˜ืžื•ื ื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจืš ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ื—ืฉื™ืคื” ืžืชืžืฉื›ืช ืœืฉืžืฉ ื™ื•ืงื“ืช, ืฉืžืื™ืฆื” ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื‘ืœื™ื™ื” ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืกืžื•ื›ื™ื ืœื—ื•ืฃ ื”ื™ื โ€“ ื›ืžื• ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘, ื—ื™ืคื” ื•ืืฉื“ื•ื“ โ€“ ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืขืžื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ืคื ื™ ืงื•ืจื•ื–ื™ื” ื•ืžืœื™ื—ื•ืช. ืืœื•ืžื™ื ื™ื•ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ ื‘ืฉืœ ืžืฉืงืœื• ื”ืงืœ ื•ืขืžื™ื“ื•ืชื•, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช ืžื—ื•ืกืžืช ืžืขื ื™ืงื” ืฉืงื™ืคื•ืช ื•ื ื•ืฃ ืคืชื•ื— ืืš ื“ื•ืจืฉืช ืชื—ื–ื•ืงื” ืชื›ื•ืคื” ืœื ื™ืงื™ื•ืŸ. ืคืœื“ื” ืžื’ื•ืœื•ื•ื ืช ืขื ืฆื™ืคื•ื™ ืžืชืื™ื ืžืกืคืงืช ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืขืžื™ื“ ืžืื•ื“, ืื ื›ื™ ื›ื‘ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื”: ืขืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืคื ื™ ื’ืฉื ื•ืฉืœื’ ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื”, ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื ื‘ื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืจืืฉ ื•ื‘ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืœืคื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื. ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืกืงื ื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ื”, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืžืขื“ื™ืคื™ื ืขืฅ ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ื•ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืขืžื™ื“ื™ื ืœืœื—ื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ืขืฆื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื ื–ืžื™ื ื™ื ื•ื–ื•ืœื™ื ื™ื—ืกื™ืช, ื•ื”ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืฉืœื”ื ืžื•ืชืื ืœืชื ืื™ ื”ืงื•ืจ. ืขื ื–ืืช, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ื•ืขืžื™ื“ื•ืช, ื ืขืฉื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื ืจื—ื‘ ื’ื ื‘ื ื™ืจื•ืกื˜ื”, ืฉืžื—ื–ื™ืงื” ืžืขืžื“ ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ืžื•ืœ ืจื˜ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžืชืžืฉื›ืช. ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื‘ืŸ ื•ื‘ืจื–ืœ, ื”ืžืขื ื™ืงื™ื ืื•ืคื™ ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ ืœื‘ืชื™ื ื•ืœืžืจืคืกื•ืช. ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื ื‘ื—ืจ ืœื ืจืง ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ืขืžื™ื“ื•ืช ืืœื ื’ื ื›ื—ืœืง ืžืžืกื•ืจืช ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ื™ืช ืืจื•ื›ืช ืฉื ื™ื, ืืฉืจ ืžื—ื‘ืจืช ืืช ื”ืžืขืงื” ืœืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื™ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™. ื”ืฉืคืขืช ื”ืืงืœื™ื ืขืœ ืชื—ื–ื•ืงืช ื”ืžืขืงื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืืชื’ืจ ื‘ืชื—ื–ื•ืงื” ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœืœื›ืœื•ืš ืฉืžืฆื˜ื‘ืจ ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืื‘ืง, ื’ืฉื ื—ื•ืžืฆื™ ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื’ื ืžื“ื‘ื•ืจ. ื‘ืขืœื™ ื‘ืชื™ื ื•ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื ื“ืจืฉื™ื ืœื ืงื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืขืงื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืชื“ื™ืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ืžืจืื” ืžื‘ืจื™ืง ื•ืžื›ื•ื‘ื“, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžืขืงื•ืช ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช. ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื”, ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ื”ืืชื’ืจ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ื”ื•ื ืœื—ื•ืช, ืจื˜ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื•ืงื•ืจ. ืžืขืงื•ืช ืขืฅ ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืฉื ืชื™ ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ื”ื’ื ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืจื™ืงื‘ื•ืŸ, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืžืขืงื™ื ืžืชื›ืชื™ื™ื ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื—ืœื™ื“ ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉื‘ื”ื ื”ื ื™ืงื•ื– ืื™ื ื• ื™ืขื™ืœ. ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืชื—ื–ื•ืงื” ืžืชืžืงื“ืช ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืžืจืื” ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ื•ื‘ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ืฆื‘ืข ื•ืฆื™ืคื•ื™, ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื”ื™ื ืžืชืžืงื“ืช ื‘ืžื ื™ืขืช ื ื–ืง ืžื‘ื ื™ ืขืžื•ืง. ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ: ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื•ืช ืœืžืกื•ืจืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืžืขืงื•ืช ืœืžื“ืจื’ื•ืช ืงื™ื™ืžืช ืžื’ืžื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ื™ืช ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ื•ืช ืžื—ืžื™ืจื•ืช. ืžืขืงื•ืช ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช ืœืžืฉืœ ื ื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืœืกืžืœ ืฉืœ ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ ื™ื•ืงืจื” ื•ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื™ ื—ื“ืฉ. ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื–ืืช, ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ื™ื ืื• ื›ืคืจื™ื™ื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื ืจื—ื‘ ื‘ืžืขืงื•ืช ื‘ืจื–ืœ ืžืขื•ืฆื‘ื™ื, ื”ืžืขื•ื˜ืจื™ื ื‘ืขื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืื•ืคื™ ืžื–ืจื—ึพืชื™ื›ื•ื ื™. ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื“ืฉ ืœื™ืฉืŸ ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืžืจืื” ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ, ื›ืืฉืจ ืœื ืคืขื ื ืชืงืœื™ื ื‘ืฉื›ื•ื ื” ืื—ืช ื‘ืžื‘ื ื™ื ืฉืžืฆื•ื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžืขืงื•ืช ืžืชื›ืช ื›ื‘ื“ื™ื ืœืฆื“ ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืขื ืžืขืงื•ืช ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช ืฉืงื•ืคื™ื. ื”ื“ื’ืฉ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื•ื ืขืœ ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืืกืชื˜ื™ืงื” ื ืงื™ื™ื” ืฉืชื•ืืžืช ืืช ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ ื”ืžืชืคืชื— ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช. ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื”: ื”ืฉืคืขืช ื”ืžืกื•ืจืช ื”ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื™ืช ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื”, ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ื”ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช ืžืฉื—ืงืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื”ืžืขืงื•ืช. ื‘ื‘ืชื™ื ืขืชื™ืงื™ื ื‘ืฆืจืคืช ื•ื‘ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืžืขืงื•ืช ื‘ืจื–ืœ ืžื—ื•ืฉืœ ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ืงืœืืกื™, ืขื ืคืจื˜ื™ื ื“ืงื•ืจื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ืขื“ื™ื ื™ื ืฉื ืฉืžืจื™ื ื‘ืงืคื™ื“ื” ืœืื•ืจืš ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื. ื‘ืกืงื ื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ื”, ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ืžื™ื ื™ืžืœื™ืกื˜ื™ ื•ื ืงื™ ืฉื•ืื‘ ื”ืฉืจืื” ืžื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื•ืžื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ืช. ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ื”, ืžืขืงื•ืช ืื‘ืŸ ื•ื‘ื˜ื•ืŸ ื ืคื•ืฆื™ื ื‘ื’ื ื™ื ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ืžืจืคืกื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืชื™ื ื•ื™ืงื˜ื•ืจื™ืื ื™ื™ื. ื›ืš, ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžืช ืงืฉืช ืจื—ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืกื’ื ื•ื ื•ืช, ืฉื ืขื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ ืœืžื•ื“ืจื ื™, ื›ืืฉืจ ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื ื™ื›ืจืช ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช ื•ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ืฉืžืขื ื™ืงื” ืœืžืขืงื•ืช ืื•ืคื™ ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™. ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื•ืฅ ืœืคื ื™ื: ื”ืฉืคืขืช ื”ืืงืœื™ื ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื ื•ืกืคืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืื™ืจื•ืคื” ืงืฉื•ืจื” ืœืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื”ื—ื•ืฅ ืœืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื”ืคื ื™ื. ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื—ื•ืฅ ื•ื”ืคื ื™ื ืžืชืžื–ื’ื™ื ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืขืงื‘ ืžื–ื’ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ื ื•ื— ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ ื”ืงื™ืฅ, ื”ืžืขืงื•ืช ืžื”ื•ื•ื™ื ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ื•ืช ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ืฉืœ ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื”ืคื ื™ื. ืœื›ืŸ, ืœื ื ื“ื™ืจ ืœืจืื•ืช ืžืขืงื•ืช ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช ื‘ืžืจืคืกื•ืช ืฉืžืฉ ื”ืžืฉื•ื•ื™ื ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉืœ ืจืฆืฃ ืขื ื”ืกืœื•ืŸ ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™. ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื”, ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ื”ื—ื•ืจืฃ ื”ืืจื•ืš ืžื›ืชื™ื‘ ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื ืชืง ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ื™ ื‘ืจื•ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืฅ ืœืคื ื™ื. ืžืขืงื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืฅ ืžืชื•ื›ื ื ื™ื ืœื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืขืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืคื ื™ ืžื–ื’ ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืžืขืงื•ืช ื”ืคื ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืขื•ืฆื‘ื™ื ื‘ืงื•ื•ื™ื ืขื“ื™ื ื™ื ื•ื—ืžื™ื, ืœืœื ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืขืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืœืœื—ื•ืช ื•ืœืงื•ืจ. \ ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื•ืชืงื™ื ื” ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืฉื™ืงื•ืœื™ื ื˜ื›ื ื™ื™ื, ื™ืฉื ืŸ ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืขืžื•ืงื•ืช ืขืœ ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื•ืชืงื™ื ื” ืฉืœ ืžืขืงื•ืช. ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช ืžืชืืคื™ื™ื ืช ื‘ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ืื•ืจื‘ื ื™ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”, ื™ืฉื ื” ื“ืจื™ืฉื” ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ืคืชื™ื—ื•ืช ื•ื ื•ืฃ. ืœื›ืŸ, ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช ื”ืคื›ื” ืœื—ื•ืžืจ ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื ื˜ื™, ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ืžืจื—ื‘. ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื”, ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉื‘ื”ื ืžืกื•ืจืช ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ื ืžืฉื›ืช ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื, ื™ืฉื ื” ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ื”ืžืจืื” ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™. ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืชื‘ื˜ื ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ืกื’ื ื•ื ื•ืช ืงืœืืกื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื–ืœ ื•ืขืฅ, ื’ื ื›ืืฉืจ ืงื™ื™ืžืช ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื•ืชืงื ื™ ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื ืชืงื ื™ ื”ื ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžืขืงื•ืช ืขื ืžืื—ื–ื™ ื™ื“ ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœื•ื™ื•ืช, ืขื ื’ื•ื‘ื” ืžื•ื’ื“ืจ ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืื—ื™ื–ื” ื ื•ื—ื”. ื”ื“ืจื™ืฉื” ืœื›ืš ืžืชื—ื–ืงืช ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืžื‘ื ื™ื ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื. ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื”ื“ืจื™ืฉื” ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื’ื ื›ืŸ, ืืš ื”ื™ื ืžืชื‘ืฆืขืช ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื—ืงื™ืงื” ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช ื•ืœืชืงื ื™ื ืžืฉืชื ื™ื. ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืกืงื ื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ื”, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืจื•ืื™ื ื“ื’ืฉ ื—ื–ืง ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืขืœ ื ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช, ื‘ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืจื•ื•ื—ื” ืžืงื™ืคื”. ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื“ืจื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช ื”ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ื’ืžื™ืฉื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืžืชื‘ืฆืข ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ืกืคืช ืืœืžื ื˜ื™ื ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื ืœื ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช. ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ืชื—ื–ื•ืงื” ืืจื•ื›ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืžืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืชื—ื–ื•ืงื” ื ืžื•ื›ื” ื™ื—ืกื™ืช. ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื›ืš ื ืขื•ืฆื” ื”ืŸ ื‘ืืงืœื™ื ื”ื—ื ื•ื”ืžืื‘ืง ื”ืžืชืžื™ื“ ื‘ืื‘ืง ื•ื‘ืฉื—ื™ืงื”, ื•ื”ืŸ ื‘ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชื—ื–ื•ืงื” ืชื“ื™ืจื”. ืœื›ืŸ, ืืœื•ืžื™ื ื™ื•ื ื•ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช ื”ื ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžื•ืขื“ืคื™ื. ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื”, ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ืงื™ื™ืžืช ืžืกื•ืจืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืงืขื” ื‘ืชื—ื–ื•ืงื” ืืจื•ื›ืช ื˜ื•ื•ื—. ืžืขืงื•ืช ืขืฅ, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื’ืจืชื™ ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืžืฉืžืจื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืืจื™ืš ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื”ื. ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ืช ืจื•ืื” ื‘ืชื—ื–ื•ืงื” ืœื ืจืง ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืืœื ื’ื ื—ืœืง ืžืžืกื•ืจืช ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืžื‘ื ื™ื ืขืชื™ืงื™ื ื•ืืกืชื˜ื™ืงื” ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช. ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ื ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืชื‘ื˜ืืช ืœื ืจืง ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืืœื ื’ื ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืชืงื ื” ืžืชืงื“ืžื•ืช. ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืชืคืชื—ื• ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืœื‘ื™ื ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช ืžื—ื•ืกืžืช ืขื ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื ืกืชืจื™ื, ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืžืจืื” ืžื™ื ื™ืžืœื™ืกื˜ื™ ื•ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™. ื ื•ืกืฃ ืขืœ ื›ืš, ื ืขืฉื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืฆื™ืคื•ื™ื™ื ืžืชืงื“ืžื™ื ื ื’ื“ ืงืจื™ื ื” ืื•ืœื˜ืจื”ึพืกื’ื•ืœื”, ื”ืžืืจื™ื›ื™ื ืืช ื—ื™ื™ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื•ืฉื•ืžืจื™ื ืขืœ ืฉืงื™ืคื•ืชื. ืชื—ื•ื ื–ื” ืžืชืคืชื— ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืจื™ืฉื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื•ืง ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ ืœืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ืขืžื™ื“ื™ื ืืš ื’ื ืืกืชื˜ื™ื™ื. ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ื ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื”, ื”ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช ืžืชื‘ื˜ืืช ื‘ื”ื˜ืžืขืช ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื™ืจื•ืงื•ืช. ื ืขืฉื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžืขืงื•ืช ืžื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืžืžื•ื—ื–ืจื™ื ืื• ื›ืืœื” ืฉื ื™ืชื ื™ื ืœืคื™ืจื•ืง ื•ืœื”ืจื›ื‘ื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ. ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ, ื ืขืฉื” ืžืืžืฅ ืœื”ื˜ืžื™ืข ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืžืฉืชืœื‘ื™ื ืขื ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืžืชื—ื“ืฉืช, ื›ืžื• ืžืขืงื•ืช ืฉืžืฉื•ืœื‘ื™ื ื‘ืคืื ืœื™ื ืกื•ืœืืจื™ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื. ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืชืื™ื ืœืจื•ื— ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ืช ืฉืฉื•ืืคืช ืœืฆืžืฆื ืืช ื˜ื‘ื™ืขืช ื”ืจื’ืœ ื”ืคื—ืžื ื™ืช ื•ืœืฉืœื‘ ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื”.

  • ืžื”ื—ื•ืฅ ืืœ ื”ืคื ื™ื โ€“ ืžื” ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืžืขืงื•ืช ืœืžืจืคืกืช ื•ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืžืขืงื•ืช ืœืžื“ืจื’ื•ืช ืคื ื™ื?

    ื”ืžืขืงื” ื›ืงื• ืžื’ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื“ื ืœืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ืžืขืงื” ื”ื•ื ืงื• ื“ืง ืืš ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ืฉืžืคืจื™ื“ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืœืกื›ื ืช ื ืคื™ืœื”. ื”ื•ื ืงื™ื™ื ื”ืŸ ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ โ€“ ื‘ืžืจืคืกื•ืช, ื‘ื’ื’ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื—ืฆืจื•ืช โ€“ ื•ื”ืŸ ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืžื“ืจื’ื•ืช. ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืจื›ื™ื‘ ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื™, ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ืžื”ื•ืชื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ื•ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžืขืงื•ืช ื—ื•ืฅ ืœืžืจืคืกืช ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืืœื• ื”ืžื™ื•ืขื“ื™ื ืœืžื“ืจื’ื•ืช ืคื ื™ื. ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื ื•ื‘ืขื™ื ืœื ืจืง ืžื”ืืงืœื™ื ืฉื‘ื• ื ืžืฆื ื”ืžื‘ื ื”, ืืœื ื’ื ืžืชืคื™ืกื•ืช ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช, ื ื•ืจืžื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช, ืžื’ืžื•ืช ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื•ืฆืจื›ื™ื ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ื”ืžืขืงื” ื‘ืžืจืคืกืช โ€“ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ื‘ื” ื•ื”ืขืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืžืจืคืกืช ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ื”ืžืขืงื” ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ื‘ืจืืฉ ื•ื‘ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืืžืฆืขื™ ื”ื’ื ื” ืžืคื ื™ ื ืคื™ืœื•ืช ืžื’ื•ื‘ื”. ื”ืชืงื™ื ื” ืžื’ื“ื™ืจื” ื‘ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ืืช ื”ื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืžื™ื ื™ืžืœื™ ื”ื ื“ืจืฉ, ืœืจื•ื‘ ืžื˜ืจ ืื—ื“ ืœืคื—ื•ืช, ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืืฃ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืงื•ืžื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช. ื”ืžืขืงื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืขื•ืžืกื™ื ืื•ืคืงื™ื™ื, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื‘ืœื—ืฅ ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื”ื ืฉืขื ื™ื ืขืœื™ื•, ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืจื•ื—ื•ืช ื—ื–ืงื•ืช. ื”ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืžืขืงื” ื‘ืžืจืคืกืช ื—ืฉื•ืฃ ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืœืฉืžืฉ, ืœื’ืฉื, ืœืœื—ื•ืช ื•ืœื–ื™ื”ื•ื ืื•ื•ื™ืจ, ื ื“ืจืฉืช ื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืขืžื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“. ืืœื•ืžื™ื ื™ื•ื, ืคืœื“ื” ืžื’ื•ืœื•ื•ื ืช ื•ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช ืžื—ื•ืกืžืช ื”ืคื›ื• ืœืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื. ื›ืœ ื—ื•ืžืจ ืžืฆื™ืข ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื: ื”ืืœื•ืžื™ื ื™ื•ื ืงืœ ื•ืขืžื™ื“ ื‘ืคื ื™ ื—ืœื•ื“ื”, ื”ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืฉืงื™ืคื•ืช ื•ื ื•ืฃ ืคืชื•ื—, ื•ื”ืคืœื“ื” ืžืขื ื™ืงื” ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžืจื‘ื™ืช. ื”ืžืขืงื” ื‘ืžื“ืจื’ื•ืช ืคื ื™ื โ€“ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ื•ืช ืœืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื‘ืžื“ืจื’ื•ืช ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ื•ืช , ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ื”ืžืขืงื” ืžืžืœื ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื›ืคื•ืœ. ื”ื•ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืกืคืง ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื•ืื—ื™ื–ื” ื ื•ื—ื” ื‘ืขืช ื”ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื•ื”ื™ืจื™ื“ื”, ืืš ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืžื™ื“ื” ื”ื•ื ื ื“ืจืฉ ืœื”ืฉืชืœื‘ ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื”ื›ืœืœื™ ืฉืœ ื—ืœืœ ื”ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื. ืœื”ื‘ื“ื™ืœ ืžืžืขืงื•ืช ืžืจืคืกืช, ืžืขืงื•ืช ืžื“ืจื’ื•ืช ืคื ื™ื ืื™ื ื ื—ืฉื•ืคื™ื ืœืคื’ืขื™ ืžื–ื’ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื”ื ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืขืฅ, ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช, ื‘ืจื–ืœ ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื ื™ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื ื™ืจื•ืกื˜ื” ืžื‘ืจื™ืงื” ืื• ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืžืจื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืžืฉื•ืœื‘ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ื™ ืคื ื™ื ืขื›ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ื. ื”ืžืขืงื” ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ ืื™ื ื• ื ืžื“ื“ ืจืง ืœืคื™ ืขืžื™ื“ื•ืชื• ืืœื ื’ื ืœืคื™ ืชืจื•ืžืชื• ืœืื•ื•ื™ืจื” ื‘ื—ืœืœ. ืžืขืงื” ืขืฅ ื—ืžื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฉืจื•ืช ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ื‘ื™ืชื™ืช ื•ืจื›ื”, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืžืขืงื” ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช ืฉืงื•ืฃ ื™ืฉื“ืจ ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืคืชื™ื—ื•ืช. ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ืชืงืŸ โ€“ ืคื ื™ื ืžื•ืœ ื—ื•ืฅ ื”ืชืงื™ื ื” ( ืชืงืŸ ืž"ื™ 1142 ืœืžืขืงื•ืช ) ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืขืงื•ืช ื—ื•ืฅ ืœืคื ื™ื. ื‘ืžืจืคืกื•ืช, ื”ื“ื’ืฉ ื”ื•ื ืขืœ ืžื ื™ืขืช ื ืคื™ืœื•ืช ืžื’ื•ื‘ื” ืจื‘ ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืชืงื ื•ืช ืžืชืžืงื“ื•ืช ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” ื•ื‘ื—ื•ื–ืง ื”ืžื‘ื ื™. ื‘ืžื“ืจื’ื•ืช ืคื ื™ื, ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ื”ื“ื’ืฉ ื”ื•ื ืขืœ ื ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ: ื’ื•ื‘ื” ืื—ื™ื“ ืฉืœ ืžืื—ื– ื”ื™ื“, ืžืจื—ืง ืžืชืื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื‘ื™ ื”ืžืขืงื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืžืขื‘ืจ ืฉืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื, ื•ื—ื•ื–ืง ืžืกืคื™ืง ืฉื™ืืคืฉืจ ืื—ื™ื–ื” ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื”. ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืคืจื˜ื™ื, ืืš ื”ืžื’ืžื” ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืื—ื™ื“ื”: ื”ื—ื•ืฅ ื“ื•ืจืฉ ื”ื’ื ื” ืžืงืกื™ืžืœื™ืช ืžืคื ื™ ื ืคื™ืœื•ืช, ื•ื”ืคื ื™ื ื“ื•ืจืฉ ืื—ื™ื–ื” ื ื•ื—ื” ื•ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ืช ืขื ื”ื—ืœืœ. ื”ืฉืคืขืช ื”ืืงืœื™ื ืขืœ ื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื‘ืžืจืคืกื•ืช, ื”ืฉืคืขืช ื”ืืงืœื™ื ื”ื™ื ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืช. ื—ื•ื ืงื™ืฅ ื›ื‘ื“, ืงืจื ื™ ืฉืžืฉ ื—ื–ืงื•ืช ืื• ื’ืฉืžื™ื ืขื–ื™ื ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœื‘ืœืื™ ืžื•ืืฅ. ืœื›ืŸ ื ืขืฉื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืขืžื™ื“ื•ืชื ืžื•ื›ื—ืช ื‘ืชื ืื™ ื—ื•ืฅ. ื‘ืžื“ืจื’ื•ืช ืคื ื™ื, ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืจืฉื•ืช ืœืขืฆืžื ื• ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ ืจื—ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืขืฅ ื˜ื‘ืขื™, ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžืชืื™ื ืœื—ืฉื™ืคื” ืžืชืžื“ืช ืœืžื™ื ื•ืฉืžืฉ, ื”ื•ืคืš ืœืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืื”ื•ื‘ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื‘ื™ืช. ื›ืš ื’ื ื‘ืจื–ืœ ืžื—ื•ืฉืœ ืฉืžืขื•ืฆื‘ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืืžื ื•ืชื™ืช, ืฉืžื•ืกื™ืฃ ืื•ืคื™ ืœื—ืœืœ ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™. ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืคื ื™ื ืœื—ื•ืฅ ืžืชื‘ื˜ื ืœื ืจืง ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจ ืืœื ื’ื ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงืช ื”ืชื—ื–ื•ืงื”: ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื‘ืžืจืคืกืช ื ื“ืจืฉืช ื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ืชืงื•ืคืชื™ืช ืœืื™ืชื•ืจ ื—ืœื•ื“ื” ืื• ืฉื‘ืจื™ื, ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืชื—ื–ื•ืงื” ืžืชืžืงื“ืช ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื ื™ืงื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ืจืง. ื ืจืื•ืช ื•ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ โ€“ ืฉืงื™ืคื•ืช ืžื•ืœ ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ืžืขืงื” ืžืจืคืกืช ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ื ืชืคืก ืคืขืžื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ื›ืงื• ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืฉืงื•ืฃ. ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ืžืจื—ื‘ ื•ื”ื ื•ืฃ. ืœื›ืŸ, ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื—ื•ืžืจ ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“, ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืžืฆืžื™ื“ื™ื ืœื” ืคืจื•ืคื™ืœื™ื ื“ืงื™ื ืžืืœื•ืžื™ื ื™ื•ื ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืžืจืื” ืžื™ื ื™ืžืœื™ืกื˜ื™. ื‘ืžื“ืจื’ื•ืช ืคื ื™ื, ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ื”ืžืขืงื” ื ืชืคืก ื›ืืœืžื ื˜ ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ื™ ืžืจื›ื–ื™, ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืžื• ืจื”ื™ื˜ ื ื•ืกืฃ. ืžืขืงื” ื‘ืจื–ืœ ื‘ืขื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžื•ืงื“ ืืกืชื˜ื™ืช, ื•ืžืขืงื” ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช ืฆืฃ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืขื ื™ืง ืœื—ืœืœ ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ืงืœื™ืœื•ืช. ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื”ืžืขืงื” ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ ืžืฉืงืฃ ืืช ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืช, ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ืืช ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช. ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืจืคืกื•ืช, ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ืžืชืžืงื“ืช ื‘ืžื ื™ืขืช ื ืคื™ืœื” ืžื’ื•ื‘ื”. ื›ืœ ื—ืจื™ื’ื” ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืžืขืงื” ืื• ืจืคื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžื‘ื ื” ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœืกื›ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ื. ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืคื™ืงื•ื— ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื–ื” ืžื—ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“. ื‘ืžื“ืจื’ื•ืช ืคื ื™ื, ื”ืกื›ื ื” ืฉื•ื ื”: ื”ื—ืœืงื” ืื• ืื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืฉื™ื•ื•ื™ ืžืฉืงืœ ื‘ืขืช ืขืœื™ื™ื” ืื• ื™ืจื™ื“ื”. ื›ืืŸ ื”ืžืขืงื” ื ื“ืจืฉ ืœืกืคืง ืื—ื™ื–ื” ื ื•ื—ื”, ืจืฆื™ืคื” ื•ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” ืžื“ื•ื™ืง. ื”ืชืงื ื™ื ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืœืคืจื˜ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืงื•ื˜ืจ ืžืื—ื– ื”ื™ื“, ื”ืžืจื—ืง ื‘ื™ื ื• ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืงื™ืจ, ื•ืืฃ ืœื—ื•ืžืจื™ื•ืชื• โ€“ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืื—ื™ื–ื” ืฉืื™ื ื” ืžื—ืœื™ืงื”. ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ื–ื• ืžืžื—ื™ืฉื” ืืช ื”ืคืขืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ "ืžืขืงื” ืžื’ืŸ" ืœื‘ื™ืŸ "ืžืขืงื” ืชื•ืžืš". ื ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช โ€“ ื“ื’ืฉื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืžืจืคืกื•ืช ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื ืžื“ื“ืช ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืืคืฉืจ ื’ื ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืขื ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘ ื‘ื‘ื˜ื—ื”. ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ืชืงื ืช ืžืขืงื” ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” ืžืชืื™ื ื•ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื ืฉืœื ื™ืืคืฉืจื• ืžืขื‘ืจ ืฉืœ ื›ื™ืกืื•ืช ื’ืœื’ืœื™ื ืื• ืฆื™ื•ื“ ืขื–ืจ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืงืฆื”. ื‘ืžื“ืจื’ื•ืช ืคื ื™ื, ื ื•ืฉื ื”ื ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื‘ื•ืœื˜ ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืžืื—ื–ื™ ื™ื“ ื›ืคื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื’ื‘ื”ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื”ืชืืžื•ืช ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ื•ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืขื ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœื•ื™ื•ืช, ื•ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื ืขื™ืžื™ื ืœืžื’ืข โ€“ ื›ืœ ืืœื• ื”ื ื—ืœืง ืžืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ ืฉืœ ืžื“ืจื’ื•ืช. ื”ื ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืืช ื”ืžืขืงื” ืœื›ืœื™ ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ึพื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ื”ืžืขื•ื“ื“ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘. ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ืชืคื™ืกื” ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช ื”ืžืจืคืกืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื™ื ืกืžืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ื™ื. ื”ื™ื ื ื•ืขื“ื” ืœืคืชื•ื— ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืœื ื•ืฃ, ืœืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ืฆื— ื•ืœื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™ื•ืช. ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืžืขืงื” ื‘ื” ื ืชืคืก ื›ืื‘ื™ื–ืจ ืฉืงื•ืฃ ืฉืžืืคืฉืจ ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืขื ื”ื—ื•ืฅ. ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื”, ื”ืžืจืคืกืช ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื ืชืคืกืช ื›ืืœืžื ื˜ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™, ื—ืœืง ืžืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜ื•ืจื” ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžื‘ื ื”, ื•ื”ืžืขืงื” ื‘ื” ื ืชืคืก ื’ื ื›ืคืจื™ื˜ ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ื™ ืฉืžื‘ื˜ื ืžืกื•ืจืช. ื‘ืžื“ืจื’ื•ืช ืคื ื™ื, ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช ืžืฉื—ืงืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืื—ืจ. ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ืœืžื™ื ื™ืžืœื™ื–ื ื•ืœืฉืงื™ืคื•ืช, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื”, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื“ืจื•ืžื™ื•ืช, ืžื“ืจื’ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืžื•ืงื“ ืื•ืžื ื•ืชื™, ื•ื”ืžืขืงื” ื”ื•ื ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืืžื ื•ืช ื‘ืคื ื™ ืขืฆืžื”. ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ ืžื›ืชื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉื‘ื” ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ื ื ืชืคืก ื•ืžืขื•ืฆื‘. ืชื—ื–ื•ืงื” ืฉื•ื˜ืคืช โ€“ ื—ื•ืฅ ืžื•ืœ ืคื ื™ื ืžืขืงื” ืžืจืคืกืช ื“ื•ืจืฉ ืชื—ื–ื•ืงื” ืื™ื ื˜ื ืกื™ื‘ื™ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื—ืฉื™ืคื” ื™ืฉื™ืจื” ืœืฉืžืฉ ื•ืœื’ืฉื ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ื‘ื“ื™ืงื•ืช ืฉื•ื˜ืคื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื, ืฆื™ืคื•ื™ื™ื ื•ื ื™ืงื•ื–ื™ื. ื”ืชื—ื–ื•ืงื” ืžืชืžืงื“ืช ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ื•ืขืžื™ื“ื•ืช. ื‘ืžื“ืจื’ื•ืช ืคื ื™ื, ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ื”ืชื—ื–ื•ืงื” ืžืชืžืงื“ืช ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืืกืชื˜ื™ืงื”. ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื ื™ืงื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช, ืœื™ื˜ื•ืฉ ืขืฅ ืื• ืžื ื™ืขืช ื—ืœื•ื“ื” ืงืœื” ื‘ื‘ืจื–ืœ โ€“ ืืœื• ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช ืคืฉื•ื˜ื•ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ืช, ืืš ื”ืŸ ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืžืจืื” ื”ื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืœืœ ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™. ืžื’ืžื•ืช ืขื›ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืขืงื•ืช ืœืžืจืคืกื•ืช, ื”ืžื’ืžื” ื”ื‘ื•ืœื˜ืช ื”ื™ื ืฉืงื™ืคื•ืช ื•ืžื™ื ื™ืžืœื™ื–ื. ืžืขืงื•ืช ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช ืขื ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื ืกืชืจื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืžืจืื” ืงืœื™ืœ ื•ื‘ื˜ื•ื—. ื‘ืžื“ืจื’ื•ืช ืคื ื™ื, ื”ืžื’ืžื•ืช ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืืงืœืงื˜ื™ ืžืฉืœื‘ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขืฅ ืœื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช, ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ ืขื•ืฉื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื‘ืจื–ืœ ื—ืฉื•ืฃ, ื•ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ ืžืขื“ื™ืฃ ืงื•ื•ื™ื ื ืงื™ื™ื ืขื ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช ื•ื ื™ืจื•ืกื˜ื”. ื›ืœ ืžืขืงื” ืคื ื™ืžื™ ื”ื•ืคืš ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื‘ืคื ื™ ืขืฆืžื”. ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ืžื•ืฆืจ ืžืขืงื•ืช ื—ื•ืฅ ื“ื•ืจืฉื™ื ื”ืฉืงืขื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืชื—ื–ื•ืงื” ื•ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืขืžื™ื“ื™ื, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืขืœื•ืชื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ืช ื•ื”ืฉื•ื˜ืคืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื™ื—ืกื™ืช. ืžืขืงื•ืช ืคื ื™ื, ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื’ืžื™ืฉื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื™ื•ืงืจืชื™ื™ื, ืืš ื’ื ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื ื™ื—ื–ื™ืงื• ืฉื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ืฉืžืกืคืง ื”ื—ืœืœ ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™. ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื–ื” ืžืœืžื“ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉื‘ื• ืžื•ืฆื‘ ื”ืžืขืงื” ืžืฉืคื™ืข ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื™ืฉื™ืจ ืขืœ ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ื•ื”ื”ืฉืงืขื” ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ืืจื•ืš. ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื•ืฅ ืœืคื ื™ื ื‘ื‘ืชื™ื ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ื•ื•ื™ืœื•ืช ืงื™ื™ืžืช ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืžื’ืžื” ืœืฉืœื‘ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ืœืคื ื™ืžื™. ืžืขืงื•ืช ืžืจืคืกืช ื•ืžืขืงื•ืช ืžื“ืจื’ื•ืช ืคื ื™ื ืžืขื•ืฆื‘ื™ื ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ืื—ื™ื“ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉืœ ืจืฆืฃ ื•ื™ื–ื•ืืœื™. ื›ืš, ื”ื—ื•ืฅ ื•ื”ืคื ื™ื ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืœืฉืคื” ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื™ืช ืื—ืช, ื•ื”ืžืขืงื” ืžืžืœื ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื‘ื’ื™ืฉื•ืจ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื. ืกื™ื›ื•ื: ืฉื ื™ ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื• ืืœืžื ื˜ ืžืขืงื” ื”ืžืจืคืกืช ื•ืžืขืงื” ื”ืžื“ืจื’ื•ืช ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืจืชื™ื ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ืืš ืฉื ื™ื”ื ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื™ื ืขืœ ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ื•ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘. ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืžืชืžืงื“ ื‘ืžื ื™ืขืช ื ืคื™ืœื•ืช ืžื’ื•ื‘ื” ื•ื‘ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืขื ืชื ืื™ ืืงืœื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื”ืฉื ื™ ืžืชืžืงื“ ื‘ืื—ื™ื–ื” ื ื•ื—ื”, ื‘ื ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื•ื‘ืืกืชื˜ื™ืงื” ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช. ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉื‘ื• ืžื•ืชืงืŸ ื”ืžืขืงื”. ื›ืืฉืจ ืžืชื›ื ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ืช ื—ื“ืฉ ืื• ืžืฉืคืฆื™ื ืžื‘ื ื” ืงื™ื™ื, ื”ื”ื‘ื—ื ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ "ืžืขืงื” ื”ื—ื•ืฅ" ืœ"ืžืขืงื” ื”ืคื ื™ื" ื”ื™ื ื”ืžืคืชื— ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืžืจื—ื‘ ื‘ื˜ื•ื—, ื ืขื™ื ื•ื”ืจืžื•ื ื™.

  • ืžืขืงื•ืช ื‘ืจื–ืœ: ื”ืžื“ืจื™ืš ื”ืžืœื ืœื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ืžืขืงื” ืื™ื›ื•ืชื™ ืœื‘ื™ืชืš (ื›ื•ืœืœ ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช)

    ื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ืžืขืงื” ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ืฉืžืฉืคื™ืขื” ื”ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืืกืชื˜ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืœืœ ื•ื”ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ื‘ื•. ืื ืืชื ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื—ื–ืง, ืขืžื™ื“ ื•ืžืขื•ืฆื‘, ืžืขืงื•ืช ื‘ืจื–ืœ ื”ื ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื”ืžื•ืฉืœืžืช. ื‘ืžืืžืจ ื–ื” ื ืฆื™ื’ ืžืกืคืจ ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืžืขืงื•ืช ื‘ืจื–ืœ ย ืฉื™ืขื–ืจื• ืœื›ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืžื“ื•ืช ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื, ื•ืœื”ืชืื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืขืงื” ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืฆืจื›ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื. ืœืžื” ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ืžืขืงื•ืช ื‘ืจื–ืœ? ืžืขืงื•ืช ื‘ืจื–ืœ ืžืฆื™ืขื™ื ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ืฉืœ ืขืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื•ืžืจืื” ืืœื’ื ื˜ื™. ื”ื‘ืจื–ืœ ื›ื—ื•ืžืจ ื’ืœื ื™ื“ื•ืข ื‘ื—ื•ื–ืงื•, ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ืคืš ืื•ืชื• ืœืื™ื“ื™ืืœื™ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžืขืงื•ืช โ€“ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžืขืงื•ืช ืคื ื™ื ืื• ื—ื•ืฅ. ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืžืขืงื•ืช ื‘ืจื–ืœ ย ื ื™ืชื ื•ืช ืœื”ืชืืžื” ืื™ืฉื™ืช, ื›ืš ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื”ืžืชืื™ื ืœืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœื›ื. ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื›ืš, ืžืขืงื•ืช ื‘ืจื–ืœ ื“ื•ืจืฉื™ื ืžืขื˜ ืชื—ื–ื•ืงื” ื™ื—ืกื™ืช, ื•ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื™ื ืขืžื™ื“ื•ืช ืœืื•ืจืš ืฉื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช. ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืžืขืงื•ืช ื‘ืจื–ืœ ย ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื™ืฉื ื ืžืกืคืจ ืกื’ื ื•ื ื•ืช ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื ืคื•ืฆื™ื ืฉืœ ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืžืขืงื•ืช ื‘ืจื–ืœ : ืžืขืงื•ืช ื‘ืจื–ืœ ืงืœืืกื™ื™ื : ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ืงืœืืกื™ ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื ืงื•ื•ื™ื ื—ืœืงื™ื, ืขื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื ื’ื™ืื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื™ื ื•ืคื™ืชื•ื—ื™ื ืขื“ื™ื ื™ื. ืžืขืงื•ืช ืืœื• ืžืฉืชืœื‘ื™ื ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ื‘ื‘ืชื™ื ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ ื•ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืžืจืื” ืืœื’ื ื˜ื™ ื•ืžื•ืงืคื“. ืžืขืงื•ืช ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื : ืื ืืชื ืžืขื“ื™ืคื™ื ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ืžื™ื ื™ืžืœื™ืกื˜ื™, ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืžืฆื•ื ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืžืขืงื•ืช ื‘ืจื–ืœ ย ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ื™ื ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื. ืžืขืงื•ืช ืืœื• ืžืชืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืงื•ื•ื™ื ื™ืฉืจื™ื ื•ื ืงื™ื™ื, ื•ืžืขื ื™ืงื™ื ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื™ื•ืงืจื” ื•ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ืช. ืžืขืงื•ืช ื‘ืจื–ืœ ืžืขื•ืฆื‘ื™ื ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื™ื“ : ืžืขืงื•ืช ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื™ื“ ืžืฆื™ืขื™ื ืžืจืื” ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ื•ืžื•ืชืื ืื™ืฉื™ืช. ืืžื ื™ ื‘ืจื–ืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจื›ื ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืžืขืงื•ืช ื‘ืจื–ืœ ย ืขื ืขื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื ื•ืคื™ืชื•ื—ื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื”ืขื“ืคื•ืช ืฉืœื›ื. ืžืขืงื•ืช ื‘ืจื–ืœ ืขื ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ื™ ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช : ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช, ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ื‘ืจื–ืœ ืขื ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช ื”ืคืš ืœื˜ืจื ื“ ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™. ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืžืขืงื•ืช ื‘ืจื–ืœ ย ื‘ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช ืžืกืคืงื•ืช ืžืจืื” ืคืชื•ื— ื•ืžืื•ื•ืจืจ, ื•ืžืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืื•ืจ ืœื–ืจื•ื ื‘ื—ืœืœ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื—ืœืงื”. ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžืขืงื•ืช ื‘ืจื–ืœ ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื™ื•ืคื™ ื•ื”ืืกืชื˜ื™ืงื”, ื™ืฉื ื ืžืกืคืจ ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืžืขืงื•ืช ื‘ืจื–ืœ : ื—ื•ื–ืง ื•ืขืžื™ื“ื•ืช : ื‘ืจื–ืœ ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ืžืจ ื—ื–ืง ืžืื•ื“, ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ืคืš ืื•ืชื• ืœืขืžื™ื“ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“. ืžืขืงื•ืช ื‘ืจื–ืœ ืื™ื ื ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœืฉื—ื™ืงื” ืื• ื‘ืœืื™ ื›ืžื• ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ื•ื”ื ืขืžื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ืคื ื™ ืคื’ื™ืขื•ืช ืžื–ื’ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืื ืžืชืงื™ื ื™ื ืื•ืชื ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ. ืชื—ื–ื•ืงื” ืงืœื” : ืื—ื“ ื”ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืขืงื•ืช ื‘ืจื–ืœ ื”ื•ื ืงืœื•ืช ื”ืชื—ื–ื•ืงื” ืฉืœื”ื. ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืชืงื ื” ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ืช, ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืžื“ื™ ืคืขื ืฉืื™ืŸ ื—ืœื•ื“ื” ืื• ื ื–ืง, ื•ื‘ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื”ื ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ื”ื’ื ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื. ื”ืชืืžื” ืื™ืฉื™ืช : ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื–ืžื™ืŸ ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืžืขืงื•ืช ื‘ืจื–ืœ ย ื‘ื”ืชืืžื” ืื™ืฉื™ืช, ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื•ื”ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื•ื™ืงื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืœืœ ืฉืœื›ื. ื›ืš ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืงื‘ืœ ืžืขืงื” ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ืฉืžื•ืชืื ืœืฆืจื›ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื ื•ืœืžืจืื” ื”ื›ืœืœื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืช. ืื™ืš ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืžืขืงื” ื”ืžืชืื™ื? ื›ืืฉืจ ืืชื ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืžืขืงื•ืช ื‘ืจื–ืœ , ื™ืฉื ื ืžืกืคืจ ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืฉื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืงื—ืช ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ: ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืช : ื‘ื—ืจื• ืžืขืงื” ืฉืžืชืื™ื ืœืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื›ืœืœื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœื›ื. ืื ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื›ืคืจื™, ืžืขืงื•ืช ืขื ืขื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื ื•ืคื™ืชื•ื—ื™ื ืขื“ื™ื ื™ื ื™ืชืื™ืžื• ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืื ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™, ืžืขืงื” ื‘ืงื•ื•ื™ื ื™ืฉืจื™ื ื•ื ืงื™ื™ื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื”. ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ : ืžืขืงื•ืช ื‘ืจื–ืœ ื ื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืœืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืื™ื›ื•ืชื™, ืืš ื’ื ื™ื•ืงืจืชื™. ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืจ ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ืžืจืืฉ ื•ืœื—ืคืฉ ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืžืขืงื•ืช ื‘ืจื–ืœ ย ืฉืžืชืื™ืžื•ืช ืœืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ื”ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ืฉืœื›ื. ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช : ื•ื•ื“ืื• ืฉื”ืžืขืงื” ื”ื ื‘ื—ืจ ืขื•ืžื“ ื‘ืชืงื ื™ ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ื”ื ื“ืจืฉื™ื. ืžืขืงื” ื‘ืจื–ืœ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ื–ืง ื•ืขืžื™ื“, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืื ื”ื•ื ืžืฉืžืฉ ื‘ืžื“ืจื’ื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืžืจืคืกืช. ืชื—ื–ื•ืงื” ื•ืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ืžืขืงื•ืช ื‘ืจื–ืœ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ืžืขืงื•ืช ื‘ืจื–ืœ ย ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœืื•ืจืš ืฉื ื™ื, ืžื•ืžืœืฅ ืœื‘ืฆืข ืชื—ื–ื•ืงื” ืงื‘ื•ืขื”. ืชื—ื–ื•ืงื” ื–ื• ื›ื•ืœืœืช ื ื™ืงื™ื•ืŸ ืชืงื•ืคืชื™ ื•ื”ื’ื ื” ืžืคื ื™ ื—ืœื•ื“ื”. ืื ืืชื ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืœื— ืื• ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœื™ื, ื›ื“ืื™ ืœืฉืงื•ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืฆื™ืคื•ื™ ืžื’ืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื—ืœื•ื“ื”. ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ื ื–ืง ืื• ื—ืœื•ื“ื”, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื‘ืฆืข ืชื™ืงื•ื ื™ื ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฆื‘ื™ืขื” ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉืช ืื• ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืžื™ื•ืขื“ื™ื ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื‘ืจื–ืœ. ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื–ื•, ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืžืขืงื” ืฉืœื›ื ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืžืขื•ืœื” ืœืื•ืจืš ืฉื ื™ื. ืกื™ื›ื•ื ืžืขืงื•ืช ื‘ืจื–ืœ ื”ื ืœื ืจืง ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืคืจืงื˜ื™ ืืœื ื’ื ืืกืชื˜ื™. ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืืชื ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ืงืœืืกื™, ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ ืื• ืžืขื•ืฆื‘ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื™ื“, ื™ืฉื ื ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืจื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืžืขืงื•ืช ื‘ืจื–ืœ ย ืฉืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืžื”ื. ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ื–ืง, ื”ืขืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื•ื”ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื”ืžื•ืชืื ืื™ืฉื™ืช, ืžืขืงื•ืช ื‘ืจื–ืœ ื”ื ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื”ืžื•ืฉืœืžืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืœ ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืจื•ืฆื” ืœืฉืœื‘ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ื•ืคื™ ืœื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืชย  ื˜ื›ื ื• ื›ืœ ืขื•ื–ื™

  • ืžืขืงื” ืžื•ื›ืŸ ืœื”ืจื›ื‘ื” โ€“ ื”ื›ื•ืœ ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ื•ื ื’ืžืจ ื‘ืื™ื›ื•ืช

    ื‘ื—ื‘ืจืช ื˜ื›ื ื• ื›ืœ ืขื•ื–ื™ ย ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืฉื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื ืžืฉืื™ืจื™ื ืžืงื•ื ืœืคืฉืจื•ืช โ€“ ืœื ื‘ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช, ืœื ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื•ืœื ื‘ื ื•ื—ื•ืช. ืœื›ืŸ, ื›ืฉืืชื ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืžืขืงื” ืžื•ื›ืŸ ืœื”ืจื›ื‘ื” ืฉืœื”ื, ืืชื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืžื•ืฆืจ ืื™ื›ื•ืชื™ ื‘ืืžืช: ื›ื–ื” ืฉืžื—ื–ื™ืง ืžืขืžื“ ืžื•ืœ ื”ืฉืžืฉ, ื”ื’ืฉื ื•ื”ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ื ื”ืขืžื•ืก, ื ืจืื” ื ื”ื“ืจ ื’ื ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื ื™ื, ื•ืžื•ืชืงืŸ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ื•ื™ืขื™ืœื”. ื›ืืŸ ืœื ืžืกืชืคืงื™ื ื‘"ื‘ืขืจืš" โ€“ ืืœื ื“ื•ืื’ื™ื ืฉืชื”ื™ื” ืœื›ื ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื“ื•ื™ืงืช, ื™ืคื” ื•ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื” ืฉืชืฉื“ืจื’ ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื•ืชืขื ื™ืง ืฉืงื˜ ื ืคืฉื™. ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื“ืขืช ืฉื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืฉืœื›ื ื ื›ื•ื ื” ืžื”ื”ืชื—ืœื” ื•ืขื“ ื”ืกื•ืฃ? ื–ื” ื”ืจื’ืข ืœืคื ื•ืช ืœื˜ื›ื ื• ื›ืœ ืขื•ื–ื™. ืžื‘ื•ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ื•ื”ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™, ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื ืœืฉืœื‘ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ื•ื—ื•ืช, ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ื•ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช, ืขื•ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ ืฉืœ ืžืขืงื” ืžื•ื›ืŸ ืœื”ืจื›ื‘ื”. ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžื•ืฆืจ ืฉืžื’ื™ืข ื‘ืฉืœืžื•ืชื• ืื• ื‘ื—ืœืงื™ื ืžื“ื•ื“ื™ื ื•ืžืขื•ืฆื‘ื™ื ืžืจืืฉ, ื•ืžืืคืฉืจ ื”ืชืงื ื” ืงืœื” ื•ืžื”ื™ืจื” ืœืœื ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืจื•ืš ืื• ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ืžื•ืชืืžื•ืช ื‘ืฉื˜ื—. ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื‘ืžืขืงื” ืžื•ื›ืŸ ืœื”ืจื›ื‘ื” ืื™ื ื” ื ื•ื‘ืขืช ืจืง ืžื”ื ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืกืคืงืช, ืืœื ื‘ืจืืฉ ื•ื‘ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžื”ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื”ื ื“ืจืฉืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืฉืžื•ืฆืจ ื›ื–ื” ื™ืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ื”ื–ืžืŸ. ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืฉื‘ื” ืชื ืื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื ืžืฉืชื ื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื•ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื ื“ื•ืจืฉื™ื ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื™ืขื™ืœื™ื, ืžืขืงื•ืช ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœื”ืจื›ื‘ื” ื”ืคื›ื• ืœืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืžืขืฉื™ ื•ื ืคื•ืฅ. ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื–ืืช, ื”ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฆืจ ื›ื–ื” ืชืœื•ื™ื” ืชืžื™ื“ ื‘ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื, ื‘ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื“ื•ื™ืง ื•ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืžืจืฉื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ืžืงืกื™ืžืœื™ืช. ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉื‘ื•ื—ืจ ื‘ืžืขืงื” ืžื•ื›ืŸ ืœื”ืจื›ื‘ื” ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืขื“ ืžื”ืจื” ื›ื™ ื”ื›ื•ืœ ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ื•ื ื’ืžืจ ื‘ืื™ื›ื•ืช โ€“ ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื, ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ, ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื•ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ื”ืกื•ืคื™ืช. ืžื”ื• ื‘ืขืฆื ืžืขืงื” ืžื•ื›ืŸ ืœื”ืจื›ื‘ื” ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืžืขืงื” ืžื•ื›ืŸ ืœื”ืจื›ื‘ื”, ืžืชื›ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืœืžื•ืฆืจ ืฉืชื•ื›ื ืŸ ืžืจืืฉ ื›ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืžื•ื“ื•ืœืจื™ืช. ื”ืžืขืงื” ืžื’ื™ืข ืœื‘ื™ืช ืื• ืœืืชืจ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ืชื•ืš, ืžื•ืชืื, ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืืฃ ืžืฆื•ืคื” ื‘ืฆื‘ืข ืื• ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจ ืžื’ืŸ, ื›ืš ืฉื›ืœ ืฉื ื•ืชืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืœื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ ืื•ืชื• ืœืคื™ ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ื‘ืจื•ืจื•ืช. ื™ืชืจื•ื ื• ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืฉืœ ืžืขืงื” ื›ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ื•ืกืš ื–ืžืŸ ื™ืงืจ, ืžืงืฆืจ ืืช ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ืื• ื”ืฉื™ืคื•ืฅ, ื•ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืžืจืื” ื•ื‘ืื™ื›ื•ืช. ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ืฉืงื™ืข ื™ืžื™ื ืืจื•ื›ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืžืขืงื” ืžื•ืชืื ืื™ืฉื™ืช ืžื”ื™ืกื•ื“, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืžื•ืฆืจ ืฉืžื•ื›ืŸ ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืชื•ืš ืฉืขื•ืช ืกืคื•ืจื•ืช. ืืš ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืžืขืงื” ืžื•ื›ืŸ ืœื”ืจื›ื‘ื” ื™ืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช, ืขืœื™ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื™ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ืจืžื” ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื›ืœ ืคื’ื ื‘ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืื• ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจ ื™ื•ืจื’ืฉ ืžื™ื“ ื‘ืขืช ื”ื”ืชืงื ื” ืื• ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ. ื”ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื›ืขืจืš ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื”ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืžื™ืœืช ื”ืžืคืชื— ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืžืขืงื•ืช ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœื”ืจื›ื‘ื”. ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืฉืžืฉ ื™ื•ืงื“ืช ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื”, ื’ืฉืžื™ื ืขื–ื™ื ืคื•ืงื“ื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืจืฃ, ื•ื”ืžืœื™ื—ื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ ื”ื—ื•ืฃ, ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืชืคืฉืจ ืขืœ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื–ื•ืœื™ื ืื• ืขืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื—ืคื•ื–ื”. ืžืขืงื” ืฉืื™ื ื• ืื™ื›ื•ืชื™ ื™ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืกื™ืžื ื™ ืฉื—ื™ืงื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ, ื•ื™ืคื’ืข ื’ื ื‘ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ื•ื’ื ื‘ืžืจืื” ื”ืืกืชื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืช. ืžืขืงื” ืื™ื›ื•ืชื™ ื ื‘ื ื” ืžื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืขืžื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ โ€“ ืืœื•ืžื™ื ื™ื•ื ืžืฆื•ืคื”, ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช ืžื—ื•ืกืžืช ืื• ืคืœื“ืช ืืœึพื—ืœื“ ย โ€“ ืชื•ืš ื”ืงืคื“ื” ืขืœ ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื, ื”ืฆื™ืคื•ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืžื’ืข ื”ืกื•ืคื™. ื›ืœ ืคืจื˜ ืงื˜ืŸ ืžืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช, ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืžืขืงื” ืžื•ืชืงืŸ ื‘ืžืจืคืกืช, ื‘ืžื“ืจื’ื•ืช ืื• ื‘ื—ืœืœ ืคื ื™ืžื™, ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืคืš ืœืืœืžื ื˜ ื ื•ื›ื— ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืขื™ืŸ. ืœื›ืŸ, ื”ืื™ื›ื•ืช ืื™ื ื” ืžื•ืชืจื•ืช ืืœื ื”ื›ืจื— ืฉืœ ืžืžืฉ. ื›ืืฉืจ ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืžืขืงื” ืžื•ื›ืŸ ืœื”ืจื›ื‘ื”, ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ื’ื ืœืกื•ื’ ื”ืžื“ืจื’ื•ืช ืฉืืœื™ื”ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืชืงืŸ. ืื—ื“ ื”ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ ืžื“ืจื’ื•ืช ืžืชื›ืช , ืฉืžืฉืœื‘ื•ืช ื—ื•ื–ืง ืžื‘ื ื™ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืขื ืžืจืื” ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ ื•ื ืงื™. ื”ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื“ืจื’ื•ืช ืžืชื›ืช ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืขืงื” ืžื•ื›ืŸ ืœื”ืจื›ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉืœืžื” ืฉืžืขื ื™ืงื” ื’ื ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ืžืงืกื™ืžืœื™ืช ื•ื’ื ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืขื“ื›ื ื™. ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ื ื•ืกืฃ ื”ื•ื ืฉื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ื–ืง ื•ื”ืขืžื™ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืชื›ืช, ื”ืžืขืงื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชืœื‘ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื” ื•ืžื“ื•ื™ืงืช, ืชื•ืš ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ืงืœื•ืช ื”ืชืงื ื” ื•ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” โ€“ ืืœืžื ื˜ ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื”ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื”ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ โ€“ ืชื ืื™ื ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ื”ื“ื•ืจืฉื™ื ืขืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืฆื™ื‘ื” ืืชื’ืจ ืืžื™ืชื™ ื‘ืคื ื™ ื›ืœ ื—ื•ืžืจ ื‘ื ื™ื™ื”. ืœื—ื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื‘ืžื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ื—ื•ืฃ ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœืžืชื›ื•ืช ืจื’ื™ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื—ืœื™ื“ ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช, ืงืจื™ื ืช ืฉืžืฉ ื—ื–ืงื” ืžื™ื™ืฆืจืช ื“ื”ื™ื™ื” ื•ืฉื—ื™ืงื” ื‘ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ื•ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื, ื•ื”ื™ื•ื‘ืฉ ื”ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ื•ืœื”ืชื›ื•ื•ืฆื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื‘ืชื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืื•ื›ืœืกื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ืช, ืžื” ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืื™ื ื˜ื ืกื™ื‘ื™ ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืžื™ ื‘ืžืขืงื•ืช. ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื›ื–ื”, ืžืขืงื” ืžื•ื›ืŸ ืœื”ืจื›ื‘ื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื‘ื ื•ืช ืžืจืืฉ ืžืชื•ืš ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืขืœ ืขืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืชื ืื™ื ืืœื•. ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”, ื”ืžืขืงื” ืžืฆืœื™ื— ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืชื• ื•ืขืœ ืžืจืื”ื• ืœืื•ืจืš ืฉื ื™ื, ืžื‘ืœื™ ืฉื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืชืฆื˜ืจืš ืœื”ืฉืงื™ืข ื–ืžืŸ ืื• ื›ืกืฃ ื‘ืชื—ื–ื•ืงื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ื’ืžืจืช. ื–ื”ื• ืื—ื“ ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื•ืฆืจ ืื™ื›ื•ืชื™ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื•ืฆืจ ื–ื•ืœ โ€“ ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืžืชืคืงื“ ืœืื•ืจืš ืฉื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช, ื”ืฉื ื™ ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื”ืจืก ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืœื“ืจื•ืฉ ื”ื—ืœืคื” ืžื•ืงื“ืžืช. ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ื•ื—ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ืžืขืงื” ืžื•ื›ืŸ ืœื”ืจื›ื‘ื” ื ื‘ื—ืจ ืคืขืžื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœื•. ืงืœ ืžืื•ื“ ืœื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ ืื•ืชื•, ื”ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ื‘ืจื•ืจื•ืช, ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžื•ืฆืจ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื”ืชืงื ื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช. ืืš ื”ื ื•ื—ื•ืช ืื™ื ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื‘ื•ื ืขืœ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช. ืžืขืงื” ืื™ื›ื•ืชื™ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืชื•ื›ื ืŸ ื›ืš ืฉื™ืกืคืง ื”ื’ื ื” ืžืœืื” ืžืคื ื™ ื ืคื™ืœื•ืช, ื™ืชืื™ื ืœื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืชืงื ื™, ื•ื™ื›ื™ืœ ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื—ื–ืงื™ื ื•ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื™ื. ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืฉื‘ื” ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืžื‘ืœื•ืช ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘ ื‘ืžืจืคืกื•ืช ื•ื‘ืžื“ืจื’ื•ืช ืคื ื™ืžื™ื•ืช, ื”ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ื”ื–ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ื•ื—ื•ืช ืœื”ืจื›ื‘ื” ืงืœื” ื•ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ืžืงืกื™ืžืœื™ืช ื”ื•ื ืงืจื™ื˜ื™. ืžืขืงื” ืฉืžืกืคืง ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ืคืš ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžืจืคืกืช ืื• ื‘ืžื“ืจื’ื•ืช ืœื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ืขื™ื, ื•ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื›ื•ืœื โ€“ ื™ืœื“ื™ื, ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ื•ืงืฉื™ืฉื™ื โ€“ ืœื ื•ืข ื‘ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ื•ืช ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื—ืฉื•ืฉ. ืืกืชื˜ื™ืงื” โ€“ ืœื ืจืง ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื” ื‘ืขื‘ืจ, ื”ืžืขืงื” ื ืชืคืก ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื›ืคืจื™ื˜ ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™. ืืš ื›ื™ื•ื, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉื‘ื” ืžื•ืฉื ื“ื’ืฉ ืจื‘ ืขืœ ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื•ื”ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™, ื”ืžืขืงื” ื”ื•ื ื—ืœืง ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืคืจื“ ืžื”ืฉืคื” ื”ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื™ืช. ืžืขืงื” ืžื•ื›ืŸ ืœื”ืจื›ื‘ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืืœืžื ื˜ ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ื™ ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืฉืžื•ืกื™ืฃ ืœื‘ื™ืช ื™ื•ืงืจื” ื•ืืœื’ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช, ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื’ื ืœื”ืฉืชืœื‘ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืขื“ื™ืŸ ื›ืš ืฉื”ื•ื ื›ืžืขื˜ ื•ืื™ื ื• ืžื•ืจื’ืฉ. ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”, ื’ื ื”ืžืจืื” ื”ืืกืชื˜ื™ ื ืฉืžืจ ืœืื•ืจืš ื–ืžืŸ. ืฆื‘ืข ืื™ื ื• ืžืชืงืœืฃ, ื”ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช ื ืฉืืจืช ืฉืงื•ืคื” ื•ื‘ืจื•ืจื”, ื•ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืื™ื ื ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื™ื ืœืขื™ืŸ. ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ื”ื™ื ืžืจืื” ืฉืžืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ืจืฉื™ื ื’ื ืฉื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื”ืชืงื ื”, ื•ืžืฉื“ืจ ืœืžืฉืคื—ื” ื•ืœืื•ืจื—ื™ื ืฉื”ื‘ื™ืช ืžืชื•ื—ื–ืง ื•ืžื•ืงืคื“. ื”ืฉืคืขืช ื”ืื™ื›ื•ืช ืขืœ ืขืจืš ื”ื ื›ืก ืžืขืงื” ืื™ื ื• ืจืง ืคืจื™ื˜ ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืชื™ ืืœื ื’ื ืคืจื™ื˜ ืฉืžืฉืคื™ืข ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ืขืจืš ื”ื ื›ืก. ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืฉื‘ื” ืฉื•ืง ื”ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืžื™ ืžืื•ื“ ื•ื›ืœ ืคืจื˜ ืงื˜ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ, ื”ืฉืงืขื” ื‘ืžืขืงื” ืื™ื›ื•ืชื™ ื”ื™ื ื”ืฉืงืขื” ืžืฉืชืœืžืช. ื“ื™ืจื” ืื• ื‘ื™ืช ืฉื‘ื”ื ืžื•ืชืงืŸ ืžืขืงื” ืžื•ื›ืŸ ืœื”ืจื›ื‘ื” ื‘ืจืžื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืžืฉื“ืจื™ื ืชื—ื–ื•ืงื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื”, ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ ื•ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืขืœ ืคืจื˜ื™ื, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื ื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืœื ื—ืฉืงื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ืงื•ื ื™ื ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ื™ื. ืžืขืงื” ืื™ื›ื•ืชื™ ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ ื™ื•ืงืจื” ืœื‘ื™ืช ื•ืžืขื ื™ืง ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื“ื™ื™ืจื™ื ื”ืงืคื™ื“ื• ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืคืจื˜. ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ืžืขืงื” ื‘ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื™ืจื•ื“ื” ืขืœื•ืœ ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืœื’ืจื•ืข ืžืขืจืš ื”ื ื›ืก, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืฉื“ืจ ื–ืœื–ื•ืœ ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืจืชื™ืข ืงื•ื ื™ื ืžืคื ื™ ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ืชื™ืงื•ื ื™ื. ืชื—ื–ื•ืงื” ืงืœื” ื•ื—ื™ื™ื ืืจื•ื›ื™ื ืื—ื“ ื”ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืขืงื” ืžื•ื›ืŸ ืœื”ืจื›ื‘ื” ื‘ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื”ื•ื ืงืœื•ืช ื”ืชื—ื–ื•ืงื”. ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืฉื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืขืกื•ืงื™ื ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื•ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืื™ื ื˜ื ืกื™ื‘ื™ื™ื, ืื™ืŸ ื›ืžืขื˜ ื–ืžืŸ ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื. ืžืขืงื” ืื™ื›ื•ืชื™ ื“ื•ืจืฉ ืžืขื˜ ืžืื•ื“ ืชื—ื–ื•ืงื” โ€“ ื ื™ืงื•ื™ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืื—ืช ืœืชืงื•ืคื”, ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื—ื™ื–ื•ืง ืงืœ ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื’ื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ. ื”ืื™ื›ื•ืช ืžืชื‘ื˜ืืช ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ืžืขืงื” ืฉื•ืžืจ ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืชื• ืœืื•ืจืš ื–ืžืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืฆื‘ื™ืขื” ื—ื•ื–ืจืช, ืื™ืŸ ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื—ืœื•ื“ื” ืžืชืžืฉื›ืช, ื•ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืœืื™ ืฉืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื”ื—ืœืคื” ืชื›ื•ืคื”. ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ื”ื™ื ื—ื™ืกื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ื›ืกืฃ, ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื•ื‘ืื ืจื’ื™ื”, ื•ื”ื ืื” ืžืžื•ืฆืจ ืฉืžืžืฉื™ืš ืœืฉืจืช ืืช ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืฉื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช. ื”ืชืืžื” ืœื—ื™ื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ื—ื™ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื™ื ืžื™. ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื, ืื•ืจื—ื™ื ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช, ื•ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืžืจืคืกืช ื•ื‘ืžื“ืจื’ื•ืช ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืคืขืžื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ื. ืžืขืงื” ืžื•ื›ืŸ ืœื”ืจื›ื‘ื” ื‘ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืžืชืื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœื—ื™ื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืขื ื™ืง ืฉืงื˜ ื ืคืฉื™ ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื, ื ื•ื—ื•ืช ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ื•ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ืœื›ื•ืœื. ื”ืื™ื›ื•ืช ืžืชื‘ื˜ืืช ื’ื ื‘ืขืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืคื ื™ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืื™ื ื˜ื ืกื™ื‘ื™. ืžืขืงื” ืื™ื›ื•ืชื™ ืœื ืžืชื ื“ื ื“ ื›ืืฉืจ ื ืฉืขื ื™ื ืขืœื™ื•, ืื™ื ื• ืžืชืคืจืง ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืžื˜ืคืกื™ื ืขืœื™ื•, ื•ืื™ื ื• ื ื™ื–ื•ืง ื’ื ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื’ืข ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืžื™. ื–ื”ื• ื—ืœืง ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืคืจื“ ืžื”ื—ื™ื™ื, ืฉืžืืคืฉืจ ืœืžืฉืคื—ื” ืœื”ืชืจื›ื– ื‘ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคื•ืช ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื—ืฉื•ืฉ ืžืชืงืœื•ืช ืื• ืžืคื’ื™ืขื•ืช. ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื›ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืงื™ื™ืžืช ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉืŸ ืœื—ื“ืฉ, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืคืจืงื˜ื™ ืœืžืขื•ืฆื‘, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ ืœื—ื“ืฉื ื™. ืžืขืงื” ืžื•ื›ืŸ ืœื”ืจื›ื‘ื” ื‘ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื”ื•ื ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืžืฆื•ื™ื ืช ืœืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ื”ื–ื”. ืžืฆื“ ืื—ื“ ื”ื•ื ืขื•ื ื” ืขืœ ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ื‘ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืคืจืงื˜ื™ื•ืช, ื•ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™ ื”ื•ื ืžืฉื“ืจ ืืกืชื˜ื™ืงื” ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช ื•ื™ื•ืงืจื”. ื‘ื‘ืชื™ื ื™ืฉื ื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื ืœืฉืคืฅ ื•ืœื—ื“ืฉ, ืžืขืงื” ืžื•ื›ืŸ ืœื”ืจื›ื‘ื” ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœืฉื“ืจื’ ืืช ื”ืžืจืื” ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื. ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ื—ื“ืฉื”, ื”ื•ื ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืžื”ื™ืจ ื•ืื™ื›ื•ืชื™ ืฉืžืืคืฉืจ ืœืžืกื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืœื“ื™ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ. ื”ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื–ื• ืฉืžื—ื‘ืจืช ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืืœืžื ื˜ื™ื ื”ืืœื• ื™ื—ื“, ื•ื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืืช ื”ืžืขืงื” ืœื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื—ื›ืžื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืงืฉืจ. ืกื™ื›ื•ื ืžืขืงื” ืžื•ื›ืŸ ืœื”ืจื›ื‘ื” ื”ื•ื ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ ืฉืžืขื ื™ืง ืœืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ื ื“ื™ืจ ืฉืœ ื ื•ื—ื•ืช, ืืกืชื˜ื™ืงื” ื•ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช. ืืš ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื•ืฆืจ ืžื•ืฆืœื— ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื•ืฆืจ ื‘ืขื™ื™ืชื™ ื˜ืžื•ืŸ ืชืžื™ื“ ื‘ืื™ื›ื•ืช. ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืžืขืงื” ืขืฉื•ื™ ืžื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืขืžื™ื“ื™ื, ืžืชื•ื›ื ืŸ ื‘ืงืคื™ื“ื” ื•ืžื™ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ืจืžื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”, ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืคืš ืœืืœืžื ื˜ ืฉืžืฉื“ืจ ื™ื•ืงืจื”, ืžืขืœื” ืืช ืขืจืš ื”ื ื›ืก, ื•ืžืขื ื™ืง ืฉืงื˜ ื ืคืฉื™ ืœื›ืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืช. ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืืงืœื™ื ืžืืชื’ืจ ื•ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืขืžื•ืกื™ื, ื”ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ืžืคืชื— ืœื›ืœ ืžื•ืฆืจ ืฉื ื›ื ืก ืœื‘ื™ืช. ืžืขืงื” ืžื•ื›ืŸ ืœื”ืจื›ื‘ื” ื‘ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืฉื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื™ื”ื ื•ืช ืžืžื ื• ืœืื•ืจืš ืฉื ื™ื, ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื—ืฉื•ืฉ ืžืชืงืœื•ืช, ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื‘ื–ื‘ื– ื–ืžืŸ ืขืœ ืชื—ื–ื•ืงื” ื•ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ืชืคืฉืจ ืขืœ ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘. ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ื”ื›ื•ืœ ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ื•ื ื’ืžืจ ื‘ืื™ื›ื•ืช โ€“ ื•ื”ื™ื ื–ื• ืฉืขื•ืฉื” ืืช ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื•ืฆืจ ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื•ืฆืจ ืฉืžืœื•ื•ื” ืื•ืชื ื• ื‘ื‘ื˜ื—ื” ื•ื‘ื™ื•ืคื™ ืœืื•ืจืš ื–ืžืŸ.

  • ืชืงืŸ ืžืขืงื” ืœืžื“ืจื’ื•ืช 1142: ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื•ืคืš ื”ืชืงืŸ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืœืžื’ืŸ ืฉืœื›ื

    ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืœื™ื ื•ื™ื•ืจื“ื™ื ื‘ืžื“ืจื’ื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื”ืŸ ืžืขืงื”, ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ื™, ื‘ืœื™ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื ื• ืืช ื”ืžืขืงื” ื•ืœืคื™ ืื™ืœื• ืชืงื ื™ื. ืืš ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื›ืœ ืžืขืงื” ืชืงื ื™, ืขื•ืžื“ืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืœืœื™ื, ื‘ื“ื™ืงื•ืช ื•ืชืงื ื•ืช ืฉื ื•ืขื“ื• ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ื“: ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื•. ืชืงืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ 1142, "ืžืขืงื•ืช ื•ืžืกืขื“ื™ื" ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ืงื•ื‘ืข ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื™ื™ืจืื”, ื™ื•ืชืงืŸ ื•ื™ืชืคืงื“ ืžืขืงื” ื‘ื˜ื•ื—. ืœืžื” ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืฆืจื™ืš ืชืงืŸ ืžืขืงื” ืœืžืขืงื•ืช? ืžืŸ ื”ืกืชื ืžืขืงื” ื”ื•ื ืœื ืจืง ืื‘ื™ื–ืจ ื ื•ื™. ืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ื”ื•ื ืœืžื ื•ืข ื ืคื™ืœื•ืช, ืœื”ื•ื•ืช ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื” ื•ืœืกืคืง ืžื—ืกื•ื ื™ืขื™ืœ ืžืคื ื™ ืกื›ื ื•ืช ื’ื•ื‘ื”. ื”ืชืงืŸ ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืœื ืขื•ืกืง ืจืง ื‘ืžืขืงื” ืœืžื“ืจื’ื•ืช , ืืœื ื’ื ืžืขืงื•ืช ื‘ืžืจืคืกื•ืช, ื‘ื’ื’ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืฉื˜ื— ืžื•ื’ื‘ื” ืื—ืจ. ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื›ื–ื”, ืžืขืงื” ืœื ืชืงื™ืŸ (ืื• ื—ื•ืกืจ ื‘ืžืขืงื”...) ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœื’ื•ืจื ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืžืžืฉื™. ืชืงืŸ ืœืžืขืงื” ืื™ื ื• ืจืง ื”ืžืœืฆื”, ืืœื ื“ืจื™ืฉื” ื—ื•ืงื™ืช. ืชืงืŸ 1142 ืžื›ืกื” ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช, ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื—ื•ื–ืง ื”ืžื‘ื ื™ ื‘ืœื‘ื“: ื”ื•ื ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ื’ื ืœืžืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืœืžื ื˜ื™ื, ืœืžื ื™ืขืช ื˜ื™ืคื•ืก ืขืœ ื”ืžืขืงื” ื•ื ืคื™ืœื” ืžืขืœื™ื•, ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืžื”ื ื”ื•ื ืขืฉื•ื™. ื”ื•ื ืžื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืกืงืจื ื™ื ืฉืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื˜ืคืก, ืขืœ ืงืฉื™ืฉื™ื ืื• ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœืชืžื™ื›ื” ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื” ื•ื‘ืขืฆื ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืื™ืชื ื•. ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืžืขืงื” ืื™ื›ื•ืชื™ ืœืžื“ืจื’ื•ืช? ืฉืœื—ื• ืœื ื• Whatsapp ืขื›ืฉื™ื•! ืื– ืžื” ื‘ืขืฆื ืื•ืžืจ ืชืงืŸ ืœืžืขืงื•ืช 1142? ืชืงืŸ 1142 ื”ื•ื ืชืงืŸ ืžืคื•ืจื˜ ื•ืžื“ื•ื™ืง (ื›ืžื• ืฉืืจ ื”ืชืงื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื”ืชืงื ื™ื), ื•ื”ื•ื ืงื•ื‘ืข ืžืกืคืจ ื›ืœืœื™ื ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื: ื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืžืขืงื”: ื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืžืขืงื” ื”ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื”ืคืจืžื˜ืจื™ื ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืชืงืŸ, ื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืžืขืงื” ื™ืžื“ื“ ืžื”ืงืฆื” ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžืขืงื” ื”ื™ื“. ื‘ืžื“ืจื’ื•ืช, ื’ื•ื‘ื” ื–ื” ืœื ื™ืคื—ืช ืž-90 ืกื ื˜ื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื. ื’ื•ื‘ื” ื–ื” ื ืงื‘ืข ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืฉืื“ื ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจ ืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืงืœื•ืช ืžืขืœ ื”ืžืขืงื”. ื—ื•ื–ืง ื•ืขื•ืžืกื™ื: ย ืชืงืŸ 1142 ื“ื•ืจืฉ ืฉื”ืžืขืงื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืขื•ืžืกื™ื ืกื˜ื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ื“ื™ื ืžื™ื™ื. ื”ื“ืจื™ืฉื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ืžืขืงื” ื™ืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืœื—ืฅ ืฉืœ 100 ืงื™ืœื•ื’ืจื ืœื›ืœ ืžื˜ืจ ืื•ืจืš. ื”ืžืขืงื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ื–ืง ื•ื™ืฆื™ื‘ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื’ื ื‘ืขื•ืžืกื™ื ื—ืจื™ื’ื™ื, ืœืžืฉืœ ื‘ืขืช ืคื™ื ื•ื™ ื—ื™ืจื•ื ืื• ื‘ื”ืชืงื”ืœื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื”. ืžืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื: ื–ื”ื• ืื—ื“ ื”ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื•ื”ืžืคื•ืจื˜ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืงืŸ. ื”ืชืงืŸ ืื•ืกืจ ืขืœ ืžืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืžื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื‘ื™ ื”ืžืขืงื” ื”ืื ื›ื™ื™ื. ื”ืžืจื•ื•ื— ื”ืžืงืกื™ืžืœื™ ื”ืžื•ืชืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ืื ื›ื™ื™ื ื”ื•ื 10 ืกื ื˜ื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื, ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืžื ื•ืข ืจืืฉ ืฉืœ ื™ืœื“ ืžืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ื˜ื™ืคื•ืก ื‘ืงืœื•ืช. ื‘ืžืขืงื•ืช ืขื ืžื™ืœื•ื™ ืื•ืคืงื™ (ื›ื‘ืœื™ื, ืžื•ื˜ื•ืช ืžืชื›ืช ืœืจื•ื—ื‘ ื•ื›ื“ื•ืžื”), ื”ืชืงืŸ ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืฉื”ืชืฆื•ืจื” ืœื ืชืืคืฉืจ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืก. ืœื›ืŸ ื ื”ื•ื’ ืœื”ืงืคื™ื“ ืขืœ ืžืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืื• ืขืœ ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื—ืœื•ืคื™ื™ื ืฉื™ืงืฉื• ืขืœ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืก. ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื•ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื: ื”ืชืงืŸ ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ื’ื ืœืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืžื”ื ืขืฉื•ื™ ื”ืžืขืงื” ื•ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื•ื ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจ ืœืงื™ืจ ืื• ืœืจืฆืคื”. ืžืขืงื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขืฉื•ื™ ืžื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืขืžื™ื“ื™ื, ืฉืœื ื™ื—ืœื™ื“ื•, ื™ื™ืฉื—ืงื• ืื• ื™ื™ืคื’ืขื• ืœืื•ืจืš ื–ืžืŸ ืชื—ืช ืขื•ืžืก. ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืœื ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื ืื• ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืœื ืชืงื ื™ืช ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื”ืชืจื•ืคืคื•ืช ื”ืžืขืงื” ื•ืœื›ืš ืฉืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืชื™. ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื‘ืขืœ ืžืงืฆื•ืข ืžื ื•ืกื” ื‘ื•ื ื” ืžืขืงื” ืœืžื“ืจื’ื•ืช ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืชืงืŸ? ื‘ืขืœ ืžืงืฆื•ืข ืžื ื•ืกื” (ืžืกื’ืจ, ืงื‘ืœืŸ ืืœื•ืžื™ื ื™ื•ื, ื ื’ืจ ื•ื›ื“ื•ืžื”) ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉื”ืžืขืงื” ื”ื•ื ืงื•ื“ื ื›ืœ ืืœืžื ื˜ ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืชื™. ื•ืœื ืจืง ืžื” ืฉืžื•ื’ื“ืจ ื‘ืชื•ืจ " ืžืขืงื” ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช " ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืชืงืŸ... ื”ื ื” ื›ืžื” ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืžืกื’ืจ ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ ืขื•ืฉื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืขืžื™ื“ื” ื‘ืชืงืŸ: ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืžื•ืงืคื“ : ืขื•ื“ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื‘ืจื–ืœ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื ื—ืชืš, ื”ืžืกื’ืจ ืžืชื›ื ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžืขืงื” ืœืคืจื˜ื™ ืคืจื˜ื™ื. ื”ื•ื ืžื•ื“ื“ ื‘ืžื“ื•ื™ืง ืืช ื”ื’ื•ื‘ื”, ื–ื•ื•ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจื’ื•ืช, ื•ืืช ืžื™ืงื•ื ื”ืขืžื•ื“ื™ื ื•ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื. ื”ื•ื ืžืชื›ื ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžืขืงื” ื›ืš ืฉื™ืชืื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืœืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืงื™ื™ื. ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืชืงื ื™ื™ื: ืžืกื’ืจ ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ ื™ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืคืœื“ื”, ืืœื•ืžื™ื ื™ื•ื, ืื• ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช ื‘ืขื•ื‘ื™ ื•ืื™ื›ื•ืช ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื. ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ื•ื“ื ืฉื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืขืžื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ืคื ื™ ืคื’ืขื™ ืžื–ื’ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ืžืขืงื” ืœื ื™ื—ืœื™ื“ ืื• ื™ื™ื—ืœืฉ ืœืื•ืจืš ื–ืžืŸ. ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื™ื ื•ื—ื–ืงื™ื: ื”ืžืกื’ืจ ื™ื‘ื—ืจ ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืื™ื›ื•ืชื™ื•ืช. ื”ื•ื ื™ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื‘ืจื’ื™ื ืชืงื ื™ื™ื, ืขื•ื’ื ื™ ืžืชื›ืช, ืื• ืจื™ืชื•ื›ื™ื ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ื™ื ืฉื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื• ืฉื”ืžืขืงื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจ ื—ื–ืง ืœืžื‘ื ื”, ื•ืœื ื™ื–ื•ื– ื’ื ืชื—ืช ืขื•ืžืก ืจื‘. ื”ืงืคื“ื” ืขืœ ืžืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื ื•ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื: ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื”ืชืงื ื”, ื”ืžืกื’ืจ ื‘ื•ื“ืง ื•ืžื•ื“ื“ ืžืกืคืจ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืœื‘ื™ื. ื”ื•ื ืžืงืคื™ื“ ืขืœ ืจื™ืชื•ื›ื™ื ื ืงื™ื™ื ื•ื’ื™ืžื•ืจ ื—ืœืง, ืœืœื ืงืฆื•ื•ืช ื—ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืคืฆื•ืข. ื”ื•ื ื’ื ืžื•ื•ื“ื ืฉื”ืžืขืงื” ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ, ืขืœื™ื• ื ืฉืขื ื™ื, ื™ื”ื™ื” ื—ืœืง ื•ื ื•ื— ืœืื—ื™ื–ื”. ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœืชืงื ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืชืงืŸ 1142, ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ ืชืงืŸ ืžืขืงื” ืœืžื“ืจื’ื•ืช (ืื‘ืœ ื›ืืžื•ืจ, ืœื ืจืง) ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœืชืงืŸ ืžื—ืžื™ืจ ื•ืžืงื™ืฃ ื™ื—ืกื™ืช. ื”ื•ื ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืขืœ ืชืงื ื™ื ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื, ื›ืžื• ื”ืชืงืŸ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ย IBC - ื•ืชืงืŸ Eurocodesย ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคืื™. ืชืงืŸย IBC ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ื“ื•ืจืฉ ื’ื•ื‘ื” ืžืขืงื” ืžื™ื ื™ืžืœื™ ืฉืœ 107 ืกื ื˜ื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื ื‘ืžื“ืจื’ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืžืจืคืกื•ืช, ืฉื”ื•ื ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืชืงืŸ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื‘ืžืขื˜. ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืžืก ื“ื•ืžื•ืช ืœื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ืชืงืŸ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™. ื”ื”ืงืคื“ื” ืขืœ ืžืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืœืžื ื™ืขืช ื˜ื™ืคื•ืก ื”ื™ื ื“ื•ืžื” ืžืื•ื“. ื”ืชืงืŸ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคืื™ ("ื™ื•ืจื•ืงื•ื“ืก") ืชืงืŸ ื–ื” ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืขื˜. ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืžืกื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ืžืกืžื›ื™ื ื•ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืขื•ืžืกื™ื ื•ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืกื•ื’ ื”ืžื‘ื ื” (ืžื‘ื ื™ ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื, ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื™ื, ื•ื›ื•'). ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™, ื”ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืงืคื“ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืžืคื•ืจื˜ื•ืช ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืžืื•ื“ ืœืชืงืŸ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™. ื”ืชืงืŸ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืœืžืขืงื” ืžื“ืจื’ื•ืช ืžืฉืœื‘ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื• ืืช ื”ืžื™ื˜ื‘ ืžืฉื ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช ื•ืžื•ืชืื ืœืชื ืื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื. ื”ื•ื ืžืขื ื™ืง ืžืขื ื” ื”ื•ืœื ืœืฆืจื›ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืชื•ืš ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ืจืžืช ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ืžื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื. ืกื™ื›ื•ื ืชืงืŸ 1142 ื”ื•ื ืœื ืขื•ื“ ื—ื•ืง ื˜ื›ื ื™ ืžืฉืขืžื, ืืœื ื›ืœื™ ืฉื ื•ืขื“ ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœื™ื ื•. ื”ื•ื ื”ืžื‘ื“ื™ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืขืงื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืจืง ืืœืžื ื˜ ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ื™ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืขืงื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืืžืฆืขื™ ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ื—ื™ื•ื ื™. ื›ืืฉืจ ืืชื ืžื–ืžื™ื ื™ื ื”ืชืงื ืช ืžืขืงื”, ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื•ื•ื“ื ืฉื”ืžืกื’ืจ ืื• ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืข ืฉื‘ื—ืจืชื ืœื ืจืง ืžื›ื™ืจ ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ืืช ื”ืชืงืŸ, ืืœื ื’ื ื‘ื•ื ื” ืœืคื™ื• ื•ืœื ืžื ืกื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืงื™ืฆื•ืจื™ ื“ืจืš.

  • ื—ืœื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืื™ืš ื”ื ื™ืขื–ืจื• ืœื›ื ืœื“ืื•ื’ ืœื‘ื™ืช ื—ืžื™ื ื•ื ืขื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืจืฃ?

    ื”ื—ื•ืจืฃ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืืžื ื ืœื ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœืงืฉื” ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“, ืื‘ืœ ื’ื ื›ืš ื™ืฉ ืœื ืžืขื˜ ื™ืžื™ื, ื•ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืขืจื‘ื™ื, ืฉื‘ื”ื ื”ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ืฆื•ื ื—ืช ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืืคืก. ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ ื”ื”ืจื™ื, ื•ื’ื ื‘ื—ืœืงื™ื ื”ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื™ื ื™ืฉ ืœื™ืœื•ืช ืงืคื•ืื™ื, ื•ื‘ืขืฆื ื’ื ื‘ืžื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ื—ื•ืฃ ื›ืฉื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ื’ืฉื•ื ื•ืกื•ืขืจ ื™ืฉ ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืœื‘ื™ืช ื—ืžื™ื ื•ื ืขื™ื. ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืขืžื•ื“ ืชืžืฆืื• 3 ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื–ืจื• ืœื›ื ืœืžืžืฉ ืืช ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื•ืœื™ื”ื ื•ืช ืžืื•ื•ื™ืจื” ื ืขื™ืžื” ื•ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ื—ืžื™ืžื” ื’ื ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ืงืจื™ื. ื—ืœื•ื ื•ืช ืžื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ ืงื•ืจ ื“ืจืš ืื—ืช ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืงื•ืจ ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื—ืœื•ื ื•ืช ืžื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื. ื”ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื—ืœื•ื ื•ืช ืžื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืชืจืžื™ืช ื”ื•ื ืฉื’ื ื‘ืงื™ืฅ ื”ื ืžืฉืคื™ืขื™ื ืœื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืขืœ ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื‘ืชื•ืš ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื, ืฉื ืฉืžืจ ืงืจื™ืจ ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ื’ื ื›ืฉื”ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ืขื•ืœื•ืช. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงืจื” ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืœื”ืชืงื™ืŸ ื—ืœื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื—ืœืœื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช, ื›ืš ืฉื›ื“ืื™ ืœื ืฆืœ ืื•ืชื ื’ื ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ืฉื“ืจื•ื’ ื”ื‘ื™ื“ื•ื“. ืขื•ื“ ื›ื“ืื™ ืœื“ืขืช ืฉืขืœ-ืคื™ ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื—ืœื•ื ื•ืช ืขื ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ื“ื•ื“ ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื™ื ืœื—ืกื•ืš ืขื“ 20% ืžื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ ืขืœ ื—ื™ืžื•ื ื•ืงื™ืจื•ืจ, ื›ืš ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื”ืฉืงืขื” ื—ื›ืžื” ื’ื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื›ืกืคื™ืช. ืฉื ื™ ื”ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื ืฉืžืงื ื™ื ืœื—ืœื•ื ื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ื“ื•ื“ ืชืจืžื™ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื”ื ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช ื™ื™ืขื•ื“ื™ืช, ื•ืœื™ืชืจ ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ื–ื• ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื” ืฆื™ืคื•ื™ ืฉื ื•ืขื“ ืœื—ืกื•ื ืงื•ืจ ื•ื—ื•ื, ื•ืžืกื’ืจืช ืืœื•ืžื™ื ื™ื•ื ืื™ื›ื•ืชื™ืช. ืคืจื•ืคื™ืœ ืืœื•ืžื™ื ื™ื•ื ืชืจืžื™ ื”ื•ื ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื—ื“ืฉ ื™ื—ืกื™ืช, ื•ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืœืžืขืฉื” ืž-2 ืคืจื•ืคื™ืœื™ื, ืื—ื“ ืฉืคื•ื ื” ืคื ื™ืžื” ื•ืื—ื“ ืฉืคื•ื ื” ื”ื—ื•ืฆื”. ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื™ืฉ ืฉื›ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืจ ืžื‘ื•ื“ื“ ืฉืžื™ื™ืฆืจ ืืช ื”ื ืชืง ื”ืจืฆื•ื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื–ื’ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื‘ื™ืช. ืงืžื™ืŸ ืžืขื•ืฆื‘ ืขื•ื“ ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืžื•ืฆืœื— ืฉื’ื ืžืฉื“ืจื’ ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืืกืชื˜ื™ืช ื”ื•ื ืงืžื™ืŸ. ื™ืฉ ืžืกืคืจ ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ืงืžื™ื ื™ื, ื•ืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื—ืกืจื•ื ื•ืช. ื”ืกื•ื’ ื”ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื•ื ืงืžื™ืŸ ืขืฆื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ื›ื“ืื™ ืœืงื—ืช ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื–ื”ื ืืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื•ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ื™ื ืขื ื”ืฉื›ื ื™ื. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืงืžื™ืŸ ืขืฆื™ื ืžืฆืจื™ืš ื ื™ืงื•ื™ ืžืชืžื™ื“ ืฉืœื• ื•ื”ืฆื˜ื™ื™ื“ื•ืช ืงื‘ื•ืขื” ื‘ืขืฆื™ื (ื›ื•ืœืœ ืžืฆื™ืืช ืฉื˜ื— ืื—ืกื•ืŸ ืžืชืื™ื).ย  ืงืžื™ืŸ ื’ื– ืžืชืืคื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ืื ืจื’ื˜ื™ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืžืื•ื“, ื•ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื”ืชืงื ื” ืฉืœื• ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ืœืคืจื•ืก ืชืฉืชื™ืช ื’ื– ืžืชืื™ืžื”, ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืืจื•ืš ื–ื”ื• ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืžืฉืชืœื ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“. ืขื•ื“ ืงืžื™ืŸ ื™ืขื™ืœ ืœื”ืคืœื™ื ื•ื’ื ื™ื“ื™ื“ื•ืชื™ ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ื•ื ืงืžื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื•-ืืชื ื•ืœ. ืงืžื™ื ื™ื ืืœื” ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื™ื ืขืœ ื—ื•ืžืจ ืชื‘ืขืจื” ืฉืžื™ื™ืฆืจ ืœื”ื‘ื•ืช ืืžื™ืชื™ื•ืช ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืœื™ ืœื›ืœื•ืš ื•ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ื ืขื™ืžื” ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ื—ืœืœ. ืงืžื™ื ื™ื ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื™ื ื”ื ื”ืื•ืคืฆื™ื” ื”ื ื•ื—ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืื ื›ื™ ื”ื ืžืชืงืฉื™ื ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื—ืœืœื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื. ืœืกืœื•ืŸ ืงื˜ืŸ ื”ื ืžืกืคืงื™ื ืžืขื ื” ืžืฆื•ื™ืŸ. ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžืื•ื“ ืœืžืฆื•ื ื—ื‘ืจื” ื‘ืขืœืช ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืจื‘ ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื›ืžื• ืœืžืฉืœ ืื•ืจื˜ืœ ืงืžื™ื ื™ื ย ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ื“ื’ืžื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืฉื˜ื™ื—ื™ื ืขื‘ื™ื ื•ืจื›ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื“ื•ืื’ื™ื ื’ื ืœื‘ื™ื“ื•ื“ ื•ื’ื ืœืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื—ื™ืžื•ื ื™ืขื™ืœ ืฉืชื•ืจื ื’ื ืœืื•ื•ื™ืจื”, ื™ืฉ ืขื•ื“ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ืฉื›ื“ืื™ ืœื‘ืฆืข: ืคืจื™ืกืช ืฉื˜ื™ื—ื™ื ืขื‘ื™ื ื•ืจื›ื™ื ื‘ื—ื“ืจื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช. ืฉื˜ื™ื— ืžืกืคืง ื‘ื™ื“ื•ื“ ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืžื”ืจืฆืคื”, ืฉืขืœื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืงื•ืจ ืœืงื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื”ื—ื•ืจืฃ. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ื”ืฉื˜ื™ื—ื™ื ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื ืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช ื ืขื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืจื›ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื, ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžื•ืกื™ืคื™ื ืœื›ืœ ื—ืœืœ ื’ื ื™ื•ืคื™.

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